Plants terminology

Batygina, T. B. Reproduction, propagation and renewal of plants, Embriologiya of floral plants. Terminology and concepts. T. 3 Reproduction systems. SPb. World and family, 2000 pp. 35-39. 

This chapter describes the basic principles and procedures for the evaluation of overpressure potential in plant equipment, and for the selection, design and specification of appropriate pressure relieving facilities. The design of closed safety valves and flare headers is included in this chapter, but blowdown drums and flares are covered separately. To properly discuss this subject, the reader should become familiar with the following terminology. 

Disposal of Drainage of Process Equipment Contents - When items of onsite process equipment are taken out of service, either individually during plant operation or for general turnaround, means of draining and safe disposal of the residual liquid hydrocarbon contents must be provided. The following are important considerations and terminology in the design ... 

A branch is always considered a planted tree. This definition deviates slightly from Konig s terminology, 1, p. 70. 

In recent years the extended controversy concerning the appropriate terminology to use in studies of plant responses to stressful environments (e.g. Kramer, 1980 Levitt, 1980 Harper, 1982) has often detracted attention from the identification and understanding of underlying principles. Despite this it is useful at this stage to outline the main concepts involved and attempt to provide a generally acceptable common framework for further discussions. 

Levitt, J. (1980). Stress terminology. In Adaptation of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress, ed. N.C. Turner P.J. Kramer, pp. 437-43. New York Wiley. 

The use of stress terminology has been discussed in Chapter 1, where it was pointed out that the value of the term stress in indicating some adverse force or influence lies in its extreme generality, without the need for a precise quantification. Nevertheless it is appropriate that a scientific discipline should be concerned with definable quantities. This will be the starting point for this paper, which will follow the example of Levitt (1972) who applied the concepts and terminology of mechanical stress (force per unit area) and strain (a definable dimension change) to the study of plant responses to the environment. This approach will be developed here in an attempt to incorporate the philosophies behind stress effects into a general treatment of the responses of ecosystems to adverse environmental conditions. 

Following this terminology, all allelopathic agents described in this paper are kolines since we confine the subject to higher plants affected by other plants grown in the immediate environment, e.g., crop plants whose growth is inhibited by weeds. 

This chapter is an introduction to methods-oriented microscopy. Because the contributing authors present methods in relation to their researches, plant cell structure-function relationships as revealed by light and electron microscopies are reviewed. Much of this conceptual and terminological information is summarized in tables that are augmented with references to either photomicrographs or electron micrographs of cells and tissues. 

PySek, Petr. (1995). On the terminology used in plant invasion studies. In Plant invasions General aspects and special problems. P. PySek, K. Prach, M. Rejmanek, and M. Wade. Amsterdam SPB Academic Publishing 71-81. 

Reinert et have suggested the use of the terms simultaneous" (mixtures of pollutants), "sequential" (one pollutant followed a second pollutant), and "intermittent" (when there is some period between sequential exposures) to refer to exposures in discussing studies of pollutant combinations. They also reconunended terminology for use in describing plant response to pollutant combinations less than additive, additive, 0 and greater than additive, +. 

The terminology used to describe the relationships among fungi living within host tissues (the symbiont) and the host plant is complex. In fact. 

Latex originally meant the sap of the rubber plant and is a dispersion of particulate rubber. Emulsion polymerization produces a similar dispersion of synthetic rubber or polymers and was rapidly developed to obtain a substitute for natural rubber during World War II. Therefore the product of emulsion polymerization was first called polymer latex, but is now known simply as latex. Sometimes the product of emulsion polymerization is called polymer emulsion. But this terminology is incorrect for latices of solid polymer particles, because emulsion indicates liquid-in-liquid dispersion (1). 

The Importance of developing crop plants that are resistant to major Insect pests has created a need for detailed examination of the mechanisms Involved In resistance. The widely recognized classification proposed by Painter W appears to provide an acceptable break-down of the possible bases of resistance for most purposes. However, some modification of the terminology may be desirable before beginning to analyze the Individual mechanisms Involved. The term "nonpreference" refers to a behavioral response of the Insect to a plant, whereas "antibiosis" and "tolerance" refer to plant characteristics. This anomaly has been addressed by Kogan and Ortman ( ), who suggested the term "antlxenosls" to describe the plant properties responsible for nonpreference. 

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