Plants responses to abiotic stresses

Schutzendubel, A., and Polle, A., 2002, Plant responses to abiotic stresses heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization, J. Exp. Bot. 53 1351-1365. 

Functional Role of Phenylpropanoids in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses 515... 

Alcazar R, Cuevas JC, Patron M, AltabeUa T, Tiburcio AF (2006a) Abscisic acid modulates polyamine metabolism under water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Plant 128 448 55 Alcazar R, Marco F, Cuevas JC, Patron M, Ferrando A, Carrasco P, Tiburcio AF, AltabeUa T (2006b) Involvement of polyamines in plant response to abiotic stress. Biotechnol Lett 28 1867-1876... 

Yang, J. and Z. Guo (2007). Cloning of a 9-cA-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene (SgNCEDl) from Stylosanthes guianensis and its expression in response to abiotic stresses. Plant Cell Rep. 26(8) 1383-1390. 

Ethylene is involved in most of the plant defensive responses against abiotic stresses. Its action can vary depending on the kind of stress. Some examples of ethylene involvement in response to abiotic stress are presented below. 

Plants are highly adaptable to stresses (Levitt 1980,1990). Plant cells, in response to abiotic stresses, can synthesize specific proteins, which alleviate stress by eliminating or neutralizing its effects, but which can also protect basic cellular structures and metabolic processes (Levitt 1980, 1990). Protein synthesis which occurs under the effect of a stress factor has been observed in many plants. The role of such proteins has not been elucidated completely, but in all likelihood they are defense and repair proteins. 

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal element, that in plants may cause oxidation damage or even death.1 Research indicated salicylic acid (SA) and lanthanum, may adjust plant physiology pathways or change ion channels to reduce Cd absorption and repair damage caused by Cd stress. SA has been reported to induce a number of defense responses to abiotic stress,2 and La3+ can decrease the accumulation of Cd in crops,3however, whether the mixture of SA and La3+ could alleviate Cd stress is still unclear, and this is the focus of these studies. 

Chung, I.M., M.R. Park, J.C. Chun, and S.J. Yun. 2003. Reserveratrol accumulation and reserveratrol synthase gene expression in response to abiotic stress and hormones in peanut plants. PZawf 5cZ. 164 103-109. 

Chung IM, Park MR, Chun JC, Yun SJ (2003) Resvaatrol accumulatirai and resvaatrol synthase gene expression in response to abiotic stresses and hormones in peanut plants. Plant Sci 164 103-109. doi 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00341-2... 

Valuev, I.L., Sytov, G.A., Valuev, L.I., Valueva, T.A., Ul yanova, M.V., Plate, N.A. (2001). Inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes in the therapy of diabetes. Russian Journal Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 132-135, ISSN 0042-8809 Valueva, T.A., Mosolov, V.V. (2002). The role of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes in plant protection. Uspekhi Biologicheskoi Khimmii, Vol. 42, pp. 193-216, ISSN 0006-2979 Vincent, D., Zivy, M. (2007). Plant proteome responses to abiotic stress. In Plant Proteomics, Eds. J. Samaj and J.J. Thelen, pp. 346-364, Springer, ISBN 13 978-3-540-72616-6, Germany... 

Galston AW, Kaur-Sawhney R, AltabeUa T, Tiburcio AF (1997) Plant polyamines in reproductive activity and response to abiotic stress. Bot Acta 110 197-207 GiU SS, Tuteja N (2010) Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signal Behav 5 26-33... 

Furthermore, phosphoinositide/inositol phosphate turnover plays an important role in the production of secondary messengers during abiotic stress in plants. Within a few seconds, hyperosmotic shock induced a rapid and transient increase of Ins( 1,4,5)P3 in Arabidopsis cultured cells. This fact strongly suggests the PI turnover system functions near an osmosensor however, the molecule that functions as the osmosensor has not been identified, except in yeast and bacteria. In the near future, we hope to determine which molecule can activate the PI turnover system in response to hyperosmotic stress in plants. 

Besides HS, selective plant Hsps are induced in response to different abiotic stresses such as heavy-metal stress, water stress, wounding stress, salt stress, cold shock, and anoxia stress. Plants, in general, survive lethal temperature stress more efficiently after prior exposure to a mild stress as against a direct response to lethal stress. This phenomenon is termed acquired thermotolerance [103]. Hsp are believed to be important for the protection of cells against heat injury both in basal thermotolerance (i.e., thermotolerance shown without prior heat shock) as well as in acquired thermotolerance responses. 

Larkindale, J., M. Mishkind, and E. Vierling. 2005b. Plant responses to high temperature. In Plant Abiotic Stress, ed. M.A. Jenks and P.M. Hasegawa, pp. 100-144. Oxford, U.K. Blackwell. 

In plants, responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses are, at least in part, mediated by the jasmonate family, including jasmonate (JA) and its methyl ester MeJA, which are synthesized via the octadecanoid pathway, beginning with phospholipase A to release linolenic acid from chloroplast membrane [27,28]. They play a central role in regulating the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites, and induction of plant secondary metabolite accumulation by the JA family is not limited to certain types of metabolites in most plants [29], as shown in Table 17.1. 

Effect on content of polyphenolic compounds Complete protection from stress, however, appears to reduce plant synthesis of polyphenolic compounds, which are known to be produced as part of the plant s inducible resistance response to fungal and pest attack, but are also produced in response to certain abiotic stress factors such as mechanical injury (Feucht and Treutter, 1999). 

Plants have the innate capacity, gained over eons of evolution, to actively respond to biotic and abiotic stresses in their environment. Many of the stresses that occur naturally are frequently mimicked by the operations that constitute the cultivation, harvesting, marketing, and consumption of fruits and vegetables. Metabolic responses induced by stress and that are adaptive in nature can result in reduced product quality. 

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