Plant-insect interactions biochemical

This discussion is not meant to be complete, but should illustrate that a number of insect herbivores exploit the chemistry of their food plants. These insects are adapted and have evolved a number of molecular and biochemical traits that can be considered as prerequisites. However, many of the respective plant-insect interactions have not yet been studied, and... 

Pickett JA, Smiley DWM, Woodcock CM (1999) Secondary metabolites in plant-insect interactions dynamic systems of induced and adaptive responses. Adv Bot Res 30 91-115 Pickett JA, Rasmussen HB, Woodcock CM, Matihes W, Napier JA (2003) Plant stress signalling understanding and exploiting plant-plant interactions. Biochem Soc Trans 31 123 127 Pope TW, Kissen R, Grant M, Pickett JA, Rossiter JA, Powell G (2008) Comparative iimate responses of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae to alken glucosinolate derived isothiocyanates, nitriles, and epithionitriles. J Chem Ecol 34 1302-1310... 

Another aspect of methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes is their biological role for the organisms which biosynthesise them. They are in fact often involved in the plant/insect and in the plant/plant biochemical interactions the biochemical role of these compounds has been extensively studied in recent years and the role of methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes in plant-animal and plant-plant interactions has been demonstrated (ref 9 ). 

Moraes MCB, Birkett MA, Gordon-Weeks R, Smart LE, Martin JL, Pye BJ, Bromilow R, Pickett JA (2008) cis-Jasmone induces accumulation of defence compounds in wheat, Triticum aesti-vum. Phytochemistry 69 9-17 Moran PJ, Cheng Y, Cassell JL, Thompson GL (2007) Gene expression profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana in compatible plant-aphid interactions. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 51 182 203 Morewood WD, Simmonds KE, Wilson IM, Borden JH, Mcintosh RL (2002) a-Pinene and ethanol key host volatiles for Xylotrechus longitarsis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae). J Entomol Soc B C 99 117-122... 

Mayer R T, Inbar M, McKenzie C L, Shatters R and Borowicz V (2002), Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens , Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 51, 151-169. 

Yu SJ (1983) Induction of detoxifying enzymes by allelochemicals and host plants in the fall armyworm. Pestic Biochem Physiol 19 330-336 Yu SJ (1984) Interactions of allelochemicals with detoxification enzymes of insecticide-susceptible and resistant fall armyworms. Pestic Biochem Physiol 22 60-68 Yu SJ (1986) Consequences of induced foreign compound-metabolizing enzymes in insects. In Brattsten LB, Ahmad S (eds) Molecular aspects of insect-plant associations. Plenum, New York, pp 153-174... 

Feeny, P. P. In "Biochemical Interactions Between Plants and Insects" Wallace, J. Mansell, R., Eds. Plenum Press New York, NY, 1976 pp 1-40. 

Feeny, P.P. Wallace, J. Mansell, R. Eds. "Biochemical Interactions between Plants and Insects". Recent Adv. Phytochemistry 1979, 10, 1-40. 

In undisturbed ecosystems, plant and herbivorous Insect populations coexist In a steady state condition dictated by external biological and physical factors (parasites, predators, precipitation, temperature, soil quality, etc.). But this balance is also regulated by myriads of very fundamental Interactions, many or even most of which are yet unknown, between the plant allelochemi-cals and the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral functions of the Insect herbivores ( 1). 

Gershenzon, J., The cost of plant chemical defense against herbivory a biochemical perspective, in Insect-Plant Interactions, Vol. 5, Bernays, E.A., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, chap. 5. 

Rhoades, D.F. and Cates, R.G., Toward a general theory of plant antiherbivore chemistry, in Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Volume 10, Biochemical Interaction Between Plants and Insects, Wallace, J.W. and Mansell, R.L., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1976, 168. 

Feeny, P. (1976) Glucosinolates, in Biochemical Interaction Between Plants and Insects (eds J. Wallace and R. Mansell). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

Feeny, P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. In Wallace, J., Mansell, R. (eds.), Biochemical Interactions Between Plants and Insects. Recent Advances in Phytocyhemistry, Vol. 10, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1-14. 

However, I5g measurements do not provide information about the biochemical characteristics of the enzyme-inhibitor interaction and what specific feature of the interaction may have changed and so caused the resistance. Also, I5g measurements need to be done with pooled tissues of several to many insects, depending on their size. To study the frequency of the resistant target site in a population, measurements must be done in individual insects. This can and has been done in house flies (58. 6J.), an armyworm (59), and plant hoppers and leaf hoppers (62.). Detailed inhibition kinetics studies will reveal if a mutation has occurred (58). A mutation causing the enzyme to have decreased affinity for the inhibitor is most clearly reflected in Kinverse relationship between and kj, kj is smaller in resistant insects with insensitive AChE. This is illustrated in Table 2. 

Wallace, J. W. Mansell, R. L. "Biochemical Interaction Between Plants and Insects" Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 1976 Vol. 10, Plenum Press, N.Y., 425 pp. 

Saxena and Pathak (3) made systematic studies of BPH-rice plant interactions, particularly behavioral and physiological responses involved in BPH establishment on rice plants. They found that resistant plants were as suitable as susceptible plants in eliciting some responses. The interaction of all the responses determined the overall susceptibility or resistance to the pest. Saxena and Pathak (3) Saxena and Puma (30), and Saxena and Okech (31) also determined the biochemical basis of suitability of rice varieties to BPH. They found that allelochemics and nutritive balance of rice varieties were important in eliciting optimal or suboptimal responses, thereby affecting BPH ability to establish on rice plants. The steam distillate extracts of resistant varieties and of the barnyard grass were repellent and, when applied topically, caused high mortalities even at low doses. In contrast, extracts of susceptible varieties possessed moderate to high attractance and were relatively nontoxic to the insect. Recently, Obata et al. (32) isolated and identified constituents of BPH attractant in the Japanese rice cultivar Nihonbare . 

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