Yield based planning

Yield Based Planning Example of a Single Refinery... 

In this section, we use a simplified refinery model in order to demonstrate the concept of using mathematical programming for the planning of process-yield-based... 

The number of injectors required may be estimated in a similar manner, but it is unlikely that the exploration and appraisal activities will have included injectivity tests, of say water injection into the water column of the reservoir. In this case, an estimate must be made of the injection potential, based on an assessment of reservoir quality in the water column, which may be reduced by the effects of compaction and diagenesis. Development plans based on water injection or natural aquifer drive often suffer from lack of data from the water bearing part of the reservoir, since appraisal activity to establish the reservoir properties in the water column is frequently overlooked. In the absence of any data, a range of assumptions of injectivity should be generated, to yield a range of number of wells required. If this range introduces large uncertainties into the development plan, then appraisal effort to reduce this uncertainty may be justified. 

TNT equivalency should be applied to the quantity of fuel calculated with the above equations. For planning purposes, Brasie (1976) recommends the use of TNT equivalencies of 2%, 5%, and 10% (based on energy) in calculations to determine the sensitivity of geometry to the yield. 

At this stage of the synthesis, it was convenient to protect the secondary amino function in 56 as the base-labile FMOC derivative22 through the use of the corresponding chloroformate (96% yield). In the planning phase, the selection of an FMOC protecting... 

The trial burn can be seen as the test drive of the incinerator. It is the time when the owner/ operator will bring the unit up to operational readiness, monitor the key operating conditions, and measure the emissions. The trial burn test conditions are based on the operating conditions proposed by the permit applicant in the trial bum plan submitted to U.S. EPA for evaluation. U.S. EPA establishes conditions in the permit necessary to conduct an effective trial bum, meaning that the burn will be representational of the incinerator s intended day-to-day operation and will yield meaningful data for analysis. 

The main objective of PP/DS optimization is the building of campaigns taking into account inventories and setup costs. Additional objectives in this scenario are the minimization of delays with respect to the due dates given by the SNP optimization run as well as the selection of suitable resources. The PP/DS optimizer is based on a genetic algorithm. As setup carry-overs have been modeled already in the upper planning level, PP/DS receives input that will yield a consistent plan. 

These results demonstrate that O-glycosyl trichloroacetimidate-based oligosaccharide synthesis on solid support may eventually become a valuable alternative to solution-phase synthesis because useful experience is available for the selection of the polymer support and choice of the linker system and the glycosyl donor. Further standardization of the building blocks and the protective group pattern will finally provide the yields and the anomeric control in order to successfully plan automated syntheses of oligosaccharides also in a combinatorial manner. 

This chapter addresses the planning, design and optimization of a network of petrochemical processes under uncertainty and robust considerations. Similar to the previous chapter, robustness is analyzed based on both model robustness and solution robustness. Parameter uncertainty includes process yield, raw material and product prices, and lower product market demand. The expected value of perfect information (EVPI) and the value of the stochastic solution (VSS) are also investigated to illustrate numerically the value of including the randomness of the different model parameters. 

If the product candidate is considered to be promising, then the next phase of planning is perhaps the most challenging one when to scale-up and to what scale. Figure 4 can be used to make an estimation of production scale for a batch-based process, depending upon estimated product demand and process yield. 

The relevant nuclear reaction for tellurium is primarily Sb-121(p,4n)Te-118 with some contribution from the (p,6n) reaction on Sb-123 (42.7% abundance). The nuclear excitation functions for these reactions have not been measured. A series of stacked foil irradiations is planned to determine thin target cross sections. This will allow selection of optimal bombardment parameters for thick target irradiation at the BLIP. A calculated excitation function for the (p,4n) reaction is shown in Figure 8. This calculation is based on the interpolation method of Munzel et al. (11) and should allow prediction of thick target yields to within a factor of 2 or 3. 

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