Plankton eukaryotes

Caldwell GS, Watson SB, Bentley MG (2004) How to assess toxin ingestion and postingestion partitioning in zooplankton J Plankton Res 26 1369-1377 Cembella AD (2003) Chemical ecology of eukaryotic microalgae in marine ecosystems. Phycologia 42 420 147... 

Falkowski PG, Katz ME, Knoll AH, Quigg A, Raven JA, Schofield O, Taylor FJR (2004) The evolution of modem eukaryotic phytoplankton. Science 305 354-360 Flynn KJ (2005) Castles built on sand dysfunctionality in plankton models and the inadequacy of dialogue between biologists and modellers. J Plankton Res 27 205-210 Fontana A (2007) Chemistry of oxylipin pathways in marine diatoms. Pure Appl Chem 79 481 490... 

Tillmann U (2004) Interactions between planktonic microalgae and protozoan grazers. J Eukaryot Microbiol 51 156-168... 

Eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates, which make up much of the marine plankton, use both carotenoids and chlorophyll in light-harvesting complexes. The carotenoid peridinin (Fig. 23-29), which absorbs blue-green in the 470- to 550-nm range, predominates. The LH complex of Amphidinium carterae consists of a 30.2-kDA protein that forms a cavity into which eight molecules of peridinin but only two of chlorophyll a (Chi a) and two molecules of a galactolipid are bound (Fig. 23-29).268... 

Bullen GE (1908) Plankton studies in relation to the western mackerel fishery. J Mar Biol Ass UK 8 269-302 Caron DA (2005) Introductory remarks advances in the molecular ecology of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52 81-82... 

The temi symbioses was first defined loosely by De Bary (1879) as two or more difFerendy named organisms bving together. Although symbiotic interactions are ubiquitous in nature, few of the marine planktonic systems have been well characterized, and comparatively less is known of the functional role of the symbiont for the host and vice versa. Many of the planktonic symbioses are between eukaryotic hosts and cyanobacterial symbionts, or cyanobionts. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, and many are capable of nitrogen (N2) fixation, thus often it is presumed... 

Foster, R. A., CoUier, J. A., et al. (2006). Reverse transcription PCR amplification of cyanobacteria symbiont 16S rRNA sequences from single non-photosynthetic eukaryotic marine planktonic host cells. J. Phycol. 42, 243-250. 

Francis C. A. and Tebo B. M. (2002) Enzymatic manganese(II) oxidation by metabolically dormant spores of diverse Bacillus species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 874-880. Galvan A. and Fernandez E. (2(X)1) Eukaryotic nitrate and nitrite transporters. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58, 225 -233. Glibert P. M. and McCarthy J. J. (1984) Uptake and assimilation of ammonium and nitrate by phytoplankton—indexes of nutritional-status for natural assemblages. J. Plankton Res. 6, 677-697. 

Figure 21 Comparison of vertical distribution of biomarker and microbial abundances in oceanic water columns, (a) Contour plots of concentration (ngL ) of hexadecanoic acid, (b) Crenarcheol at various depths in the water column and distances from shore on a northwest-to-southeast transect off Oman in the Arabian Sea (after Sinninghe Damste et al, 2002). Hexadecanoic acid serves as a biomarker proxy for eukaryotic and bacterial biomass and clearly shows the expected surface maximum, with concentrations dropping off steeply with increasing water depth. In contrast, crenarcheol, a molecular biomarker for planktonic crenarcheota, shows two maxima with one near 50 m and the other —500 m. (c) Vertical distributions of microbial concentrations in the North Pacific subtropical gyre bacteria (solid squares) and planktonic crenarcheota (open squares). Effectively, there are two microbial domains which were determined using a DAPI nucleic acid stain (after Karner et al., 2001). These data show the increasing proportion of planktonic archea in deep waters, with the result that at depths greater than 2,000 m, the crenarcheota are as abundant...

Plankton today are very diverse, including archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes (Beja et al., 2002). It is very likely that anoxygenic... 

In contrast, Penny and Poole (1999) suggested that the last universal common ancestor may have been a mesophile with many features of the eukaryote genome, and the first distinct eukaryote may thus also have been mesophile—a distal inhabitant of a hydrothermal system, or a planktonic form. 

Whether marine plankton could have contributed is a moot question. Modern marine phytoplankton in the Gulf of Mexico have an isotopic signature of around 5 C —21%o (Jasper Gagosian 1993). Modern phytoplankton are of course very dilferent from Archaean, although there are reasonable grounds to infer that cyanobacteria, and in addition, eukaryotes were probably present even 2.7 Ga ago (Brocks et al. 1999). Just possibly, phytoplankton debris may account for some of the carbon isotope values. 

Measurements of the essential trace metals in some eukaryotic marine plankton grown in culture resulted in a Redfield-like stoichiometry for the essential trace metals (Morel et al., 2003) ... 

Throughout the Archaean, prokaryotes, in the form of photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria, were the main producers of organic carbon. The resting stages (cysts) of early unicellular eukaryotic organisms, probably representing planktonic algae and referred to as acritarchs, first appeared in the fossil record at c. 1.85 Ga and became abundant from c.l.OGa. 

The phytoplankton community in the offshore region is dominated by pico- and nano-plankton, with microplankton and eukaryotes only important in coastal regions and upwelling areas associated with mesoscale features such as the Rhodes Gyre. Heterotrophic bacteria are an important component of this nutrient depleted system. Both depth integrated chlorophyll a and primary productivity levels are extremely low, characteristic of ultra-oligotrophic systems. 

The Foraminiferida (informally referred to as foraminifera) are eukaryotic unicellular organisms, classified in the Kingdom Protoctista, Phylum Granuloreticulosa, Class Foraminifera (Sen Gupta 1999). They range from the Early Cambrian to the present day and are either planktonic or benthic in life habitat. Of the approximately 10 000 extant foraminiferal species known, only 50 are planktonic, the remainder being benthic. 

Fig. 11-2. Left Geological record for the 13C contents (in permille PDB standard) of carbonates (Ccarb) and organic carbon (Corg) in the sediments. The spread of values is indicated. Right Carbon-13 content in atmospheric C02, marine carbonates, organic material of modern sediments, and various organisms (1) C3 plants, (2) C4 plants, (3) CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants, (4) eukaryotic algae (black bar, range for marine plankton), (5) cyanobacteria from (a) natural communities and (b) culture experiments, (6) several nonoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, and (7) methanogenic bacteria. [From Schidlowski (1984), with permission.]...

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