Planing and shaping

A process capability chart showing the achievable dimensional tolerances is provided (see 4.3CC). Note, the tolerances on this chart are greatly influenced by the machinabllity index for the material used. 

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A clear understanding of the mode shape, or shaft deflection, of a machine s rotating element is a valuable diagnostic tool. Both broadband and narrowband filtered energy windows can be used at each measurement point and orientation across the machine. The resultant plots, one in the vertical plane and one in the horizontal plane, provide an approximation of the mode shape of the complete machine and its rotating element. 

The differing malleabilities of metals can be traced to their crystal structures. The crystal structure of a metal typically has slip planes, which are planes of atoms that under stress may slip or slide relative to one another. The slip planes of a ccp structure are the close-packed planes, and careful inspection of a unit cell shows that there are eight sets of slip planes in different directions. As a result, metals with cubic close-packed structures, such as copper, are malleable they can be easily bent, flattened, or pounded into shape. In contrast, a hexagonal close-packed structure has only one set of slip planes, and metals with hexagonal close packing, such as zinc or cadmium, tend to be relatively brittle. 

In this picture of ethylene, the two orbitals that make up the double bond are not equivalent. The ct orbital is ellipsoidal and symmetrical about the C—C axis. The it orbital is in the shape of two ellipsoids, one above the plane and one below. The plane itself represents a node for the it orbital. In order for the p orbitals to maintain... 

The electroviscous effect present with solid particles suspended in ionic liquids, to increase the viscosity over that of the bulk liquid. The primary effect caused by the shear field distorting the electrical double layer surrounding the solid particles in suspension. The secondary effect results from the overlap of the electrical double layers of neighboring particles. The tertiary effect arises from changes in size and shape of the particles caused by the shear field. The primary electroviscous effect has been the subject of much study and has been shown to depend on (a) the size of the Debye length of the electrical double layer compared to the size of the suspended particle (b) the potential at the slipping plane between the particle and the bulk fluid (c) the Peclet number, i.e., diffusive to hydrodynamic forces (d) the Hartmarm number, i.e. electrical to hydrodynamic forces and (e) variations in the Stern layer around the particle (Garcia-Salinas et al. 2000). 

Global planeness and large scale scratches are usually evaluated by HDI instruments as shown in Fig. 3(a) [8], which is a surface reflectance analyzer to measure flatness, waviness, roughness of a surface, and observe scratches (Fig. 3(h)), pits (Fig. 3(c)), particles (Fig. 3(d)) on a global surface. These surface defects can also be observed by SEM, TEM, and AFM. Shapes of slurry particles can be observed by SEM and TEM, and their movement in liquid by the fluorometry technique as shown in Chapter2. 

The quantum number / — 1 corresponds to a p orbital. A p electron can have any of three values for Jitt/, so for each value of tt there are three different p orbitals. The p orbitals, which are not spherical, can be shown in various ways. The most convenient representation shows the three orbitals with identical shapes but pointing in three different directions. Figure 7-22 shows electron contour drawings of the 2p orbitals. Each p orbital has high electron density in one particular direction, perpendicular to the other two orbitals, with the nucleus at the center of the system. The three different orbitals can be represented so that each has its electron density concentrated on both sides of the nucleus along a preferred axis. We can write subscripts on the orbitals to distinguish the three distinct orientations Px, Py, and Pz Each p orbital also has a nodal plane that passes through the nucleus. The nodal plane for the p orbital is the J z plane, for the Py orbital the nodal plane is the X Z plane, and for the Pz orbital it is the Jt plane. 

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