Jupiter

The planet Jupiter occupies a special position in the solar system. It is the largest and heaviest planet, with a mass of 1/1,047 that of the sun. Jupiter consists almost solely of hydrogen and helium with a ratio similar to that found in the sun itself He H 1 10. Small amounts of some heavier elements are present, such as B, N, P, S, C and Ge. The density of Jupiter has been calculated as 1,300 kg/m3. Its atmosphere can be divided into three zones (starting from the outermost)  

The planet does not have a real surface instead, there is a gradual transition from the H2/He mixture to the central body, which consists of molecular hydrogen. Since there is no actual surface, temperatures can only be expressed in terms of their corresponding pressures. 

Around 85% of the total amount of hydrogen is present as a metallic phase. It is assumed that there is a silicate rock core with a temperature estimated to be 

This mass of rocky material probably formed the nucleus for condensation and attracted large amounts of the H2/He-rich solar material around 4.5 billion years ago, acting as a galactic vacuum cleaner. 

The four giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are similar, they have no solid surface and mainly consist of hydrogen and helium with a solid rocky-ice inner core. A review about the giant planets was given by Hubbard, Burrows, and Lunine, 2002 [165]. 

Jupiter is the largest planet within the solar system (Fig. 3.14). Its mass is 2.5 times the mass of all other planets in the solar system. Jupiter s atmosphere is composed of about 88-92% of hydrogen and 8-12% of helium. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, methane, water vapor, ammonia, silicon-based compound and also phosphine and sulfur. Helium in the Jupiter atmosphere is depleted (compared with the composition of the primordial solar nebula). This can be explained by a precipitation of the helium into the interior of the planet. The composition of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium. 

Jupiter consists of a dense core with a mass of 12 to 45 times the Earth s mass (3-15% the mass of Jupiter). This rocky core is surrounded by dense metallic hydrogen which extends outward to about 78% of the planet s radius. When hydrogen is sufficiently compressed it becomes a liquid of protons and electrons. So this substance possesses a high electrical conductivity which is also typical for metals. 

Droplets of helium and neon precipitate through this layer, depleting the abundance of He and Ne in the upper atmosphere. Above the layer of metallic hydrogen the atmosphere consists of liquid and gaseous hydrogen. The temperature strongly varies from the interior to the atmosphere. At the transition, where liquid hydrogen becomes metallic it is 10 000 K and the pressure is 200 GPa. The temperature at the core boundary is more than 35 000 K and the pressure is 3000-4500 GPa. 

Summarizing, the main cloud layers in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn are  

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Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the... 

Irradiation of ethyleneimine (341,342) with light of short wavelength ia the gas phase has been carried out direcdy and with sensitization (343—349). Photolysis products found were hydrogen, nitrogen, ethylene, ammonium, saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, / -butane), and the dimer of the ethyleneimino radical. The nature and the amount of the reaction products is highly dependent on the conditions used. For example, the photoproducts identified ia a fast flow photoreactor iacluded hydrocyanic acid and acetonitrile (345), ia addition to those found ia a steady state system. The reaction of hydrogen radicals with ethyleneimine results ia the formation of hydrocyanic acid ia addition to methane (350). Important processes ia the photolysis of ethyleneimine are nitrene extmsion and homolysis of the N—H bond, as suggested and simulated by ab initio SCF calculations (351). The occurrence of ethyleneimine as an iatermediate ia the photolytic formation of hydrocyanic acid from acetylene and ammonia ia the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter has been postulated (352), but is disputed (353). 

Fig. 10. The 800 x 800 pixel scientific CCD specifically designed for the Galileo mission to Jupiter. The devices are shown in wafer form after initial...

Alkanes have the general molecular- formula C H2 +2- The simplest one, methane (CH4), is also the most abundant. Large fflnounts are present in our atmosphere, in the ground, and in the oceans. Methane has been found on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, and even on Halley s Comet. 

Our solar system consists of the Sun, the planets and their moon satellites, asteroids (small planets), comets, and meteorites. The planets are generally divided into two categories Earth-like (terrestrial) planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and Giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Little is known about Pluto, the most remote planet from Earth. 

Nitrogen is considered to be a likely constituent of the atmosphere of Jupiter, though it is undetected as yet. As a chemist, would you expect oxygen also to be an important constituent of Jupiter s CH -NH3 atmosphere ... 

The giant planets possess low surface temperatures and have atmospheres that extend several thousand miles. The markings on Jupiter, the largest planet, consist of cloud formations composed of methane containing a small amount of ammonia. The atmosphere of Jupiter absorbs the extreme red and infrared portions of the spectrum. These absorptions correspond to the absorption spectra of ammonia and methane, suggesting the presence of these gases in Jupiter s... 

The ordinary balance, on the other hand, with suitable adjustment of its parts, gives a measure of the mass of a body, in terms of an arbitrarily selected standard, which depends only on the particular body the same measure would be found if the balance were transported to any part of the earth s surface, or even to another planet, such as Mars or Jupiter. Such a measure may be called absolute. ... 

After planetary accretion was complete there remained two groups of surviving planetesimals, the comets and asteroids. These populations still exist and play an important role in the Earth s history. Asteroids from the belt between Mars and Jupiter and comets from reservoirs beyond the outer planets are stochastically perturbed into Earth-crossing orbits and they have collided with Earth throughout its entire history. The impact rate for 1 km diameter bodies is approximately three per million years and impacts of 10 km size bodies occur on a... 

Jupiter s moon lo on which a number of very active sulfur volcanoes have been discovered [64]. These volcanoes are powered by SO2 gas which forces the hquid sulfur from its underground deposits to the surface. 

S2O and the polysulfuroxide formed from it are also suspected to be components of the surface and the atmosphere of Jupiter s moon lo [22], and S2O has been detected in the atmosphere of the planet Venus [23]. 

C12-0053. Titan, one of the moons of Jupiter, appears to have oceans composed of liquid methane. Describe how this liquid differs from liquid water, and predict whether methane-based life forms are likely. 

When the atoms are forced to move closer by the exertion of pressure, their interaction increases and the bands become wider. At sufficiently high pressures the bands overlap again and the properties become metallic. The pressure-induced transition from a non-metal to a metal has been shown experimentally in many cases, for example for iodine and other nonmetals. Under extremely high pressures even hydrogen should become metallic (metallic hydrogen is assumed to exist in the interior of Jupiter). 

Eberly, John. Some notes on Jupiter, Cedar, and Pine Trees and the Circulatum Minus. fhttp //www.triad- publishing.com/stone27a.htmll. 

Portal page to a series of pages Air, Moon, Jupiter, Fire, Mercury, Saturn, Water, Venus, Sun, Earth, Mars. Also an interesting page "A Christian Mandala - explanation of this mandala and its sources by Robert Ellaby"... 

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