Piper 380 Subject

Lebot and Levesque s 1989 work was based upon an exhaustive collection of plant material. Piper wichmannii was obtained from Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, which comprises its natural range. Piper methysti-cum was collected from cultivated plots on three islands representing Micronesia, eight representing Melanesia, and 24 from Polynesia. In all, more than 240 individual plant acquisitions were subjected to chemical and morphological analysis. 

The Indian Piper species have been the subject of a review article describing their chemistry and biological activities (221). 

The synthesis of the derivatives (339)-(346) was carried out as shown in Scheme 28. Metalation of the acetal (336), followed by thiolation and alkylation, gave the ester derivative (337). Acetal deprotection to form (338) and subsequent treatment under Knoevenagel conditions with piper-idinium acetate in benzene afforded the desired ester (339). Reduction of compound (339) gave alcohol (340), which was converted to aldehyde (341) and protected as its acetal (342) under standard conditions. Deprotonation was effected by Bu"Li in THF at — 78 °C and subsequent conversion to the sulfonyl chloride was carried out by sequential treatment with sulfur dioxide and A-chloro-succinimide. Treatment of the sulfonyl chloride (343) with concentrated NH4OH in acetone provided the sulfonamide (344), which was deprotected (345) and subjected to reductive amination to provide compounds in the aminomethyl sulfonamide series (346). 

Preparation of secondary (or tertiary) carbinols from pyridines and an aldehyde (or a ketone) in the presence of magnesium or aluminum and mercuric chloride is known in pyridine chemistry as the Emmert reaction. 7 70 For example, dimethyl-2-pyridylcarbinol is obtained in this way from pyridine and acetone. When a mixture of pyridine and acetone is subjected to an electrolytic reduction in dilute sulfuric acid at lead electrodes, a mixture of two main products results, namely, 2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-3-piperideine and 4-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)piperidine. Analogous compounds are obtained with the use of methyl ethyl ketone as the reactant. The mixed electrolytic reduction of 2-methylpyridine and acetone affords 2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-6-methyl-3-piper ideine (74) and 2-methyl-4-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-piperidine.71... 

M3. Macoun, M. L., Builder, J. E., and Piper, D. W., Lactic dehydrogenase activity of gastric juice of normal subjects and of patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric carcinoma and pernicious anemia. Australasian Ann. Med. 12, 160 (1963). 

Since then, the correct nomenclature for the soybean has been the subject of much debate (Lawrence, 1949 Pack, 1949 Piper, 1914 Piper Morse, 1923 Ricker Morse, 1948). Currently the combination G. max proposed by Merrill in 1917 is widely accepted as the valid designation for the soybean. 

Barnes NC, Piper PJ, Costello JE (1984) Comparative effects of inhaled leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and histamine in normal human subjects. Thorax 39(7) 500 ... 

These subjects are discussed rather fully by Piper and Pieters (1925), Pieters (1927), McKee (1935), McKee and McNair (1948) and Terman (1949). 

A study in 20 healthy subjects given a single 500-microgram dose of digoxin before and on the last day of treatment with a standardised kava rhizome (Piper methysticum) extract 1227 mg three times daily for 14 days, found no changes in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. The product used was standardised for kavalactone content. ... 

Betel nut quids consist of areca nut Areca catechu) wrapped in betel vine leaf Piper betle) and smeared with a paste of burnt (slaked) lime. It is chewed for the euphoric effects of the major constituent, arecoline, a cholinergic alkaloid, which appears to be absorbed through the mucous membrane of the mouth. Arecoline has identical properties to pilocarpine and normally has only mild systemic cholinergic properties however asthmatic subjects seem to be particularly sensitive to the bronchocon-strictor effects of this alkaloid and possibly other substances contained in the nut. 

Piper longum and Piper nigrum are conventionally used as immuno-enhancers in Indian system of medicine. The underlying mechanism however remains unknown. Pepper has been used in China as a folk remedy for epilepsy. Piperine has been identified by researchers as having anticonvulsant effects in animal models, and antiepilepsirine, a derivative of piperine, has been used in China to treat epilepsy since 1975. A clinical trial on epileptic children-tested antiepilepsirine (10 mg/kg two or three times a day) decreased the number of seizures in majority of subjects [84]. 

The removal of benzofurenes from ash, clays, soils, water and oils by combustion, ozonolysis of supercritical water, cracking-processes of petroleum, as well as thermal, photochemical and biological decomposition, has been the subject of many investigations [34], The direct blowing of ozone through water pipers results in slimes removal from the inner pipers walls [35],... 

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