Pipelines, Pumps, and Compressors

Pipelines, Pumps, and Compressors 1177 Tab. 2.4-1 Guideline values of flow velocities of various media for the design of pipelines. 

Pumps and compressors are also commonly encountered in pipeline... 

To exercise the scale-up procedure already on this simple example of Fig. 1, let us imagine a pipeline in which a certain fluid (natural gas or crude oil) with a certain volume-related throughput, q, should be conveyed. Our aim is to find the pressure drop, Ap, of the fluid flow in the pipeline in order to design pumps and compressors. 

Pressure drop calculations are essential in designing and optimizing pipelines and sizing the pumps and compressors that transport the fluids. Equations commonly used for calculating the pressure drops are discussed in this section. 

With higher shaft speed but lower airflow through the turbine, aero-derivative turbines require less complex and shorter maintenance than other ground gas turbines. They are often used in remote areas, where they are employed to drive pumps and compressors for pipelines, for example. Because of their quicker start, stop, and loading times, aero-de-rivative gas turbines are also used for flexible peak load power generation and for ground propulsion. 

Determine the useful power input needed to overcome the friction losses in a pipeline. Calculate brake kW for pumps and compressors. 

Pumping or compressor stations are necessary for the transport of material in pipelines. These stations are usually electrically separated from the cathodically protected long-distance pipeline. The concrete foundations are much smaller than in power stations and refineries. Since the station piping is endangered by cell formation with the steel-reinforced concrete foundations, local cathodic protection is recommended. 

It may be noted that energy will be required for compressing the air to the injection pressure which must exceed the upstream pressure in the pipeline. The conditions under which power-saving is achieved have been examined by DZIUB1NSKI(25j. who has shown that the relative efficiency of the liquid pump and the air compressor are critically important factors. 

Ithough liquids particularly can be transported by operators carrying buckets, the usual mode of transport of fluids is through pipelines with pumps, blowers, compressors, or ejectors. Those categories of equipment will be considered in this chapter. A few statements will be made at the start about piping, fittings, and valves, although for the most part this is information best... 

GWP of PV is required for the electrolysis plant compressors, water pumps, and water distillation plant. The compressors and water pumps at the pipeline compression station require another 0.13 GWp of PV. The cumulative size of the PV power plant is 5.97 GWp. 

The causes of failure are associated with attributes of a pipeline system that either increase or decrease the likelihood that the causes will be realized. A full comprehension of technical factors related to these attributes requires consideration of all parts of the system. The system comprises not only the line pipe, but also the pump stations for liquid lines and compressor stations for gas lines, controls, measurement, and storage facilities. After the initial compressor or pump station, at the gas or liquid supply source, periodic booster compressor or pump stations may... 

Though the basic feasibility and the attractive economics of hydrogen pipelines are not in dispute, the details are in dispute because of the myriad of variables that come into play, including pipeline diameters and pressures, spacing of compression stations, materials, embrittlement, fuel costs for pumping stations, types of compressors available, and the geographical locations of sources of hydrogen. 

Due to an increasing concern about conserving energy there has become a requirement for variable speed drivers in the oil industry. The most common requirement is for compressors where the gas composition may not be well known or it may vary in composition and desire throughout, which is often the case in the production industry. Occasionally, benefits may be obtained by driving pumps with variable speed motors, especially large oil loading and pipeline pumps. 

Offshore structures are relatively self-sufficient they provide electrical generators, water desalinators, sleeping facilities, communication stations, and modern amenities. Production platforms are connected by pipelines or floating storage units to onshore operations. Key process elements of oil and gas recovery include wellhead, production manifold, production separator, water injection pumps, gas compressors, glycol process to dry gas, oil and gas export metering, and main oil-line pumps. 

Pipelines comprising pumps and valves Intermediate storage Compressor monitoring and control LNG liquefaction LNG regasification Gas processing Gas metering Networking and SCADA Gas terminal distribution... 

The main technical difference between Hquid and gas pipeline transport is the compressibiUty of the fluid being moved and the use of pumps, rather than compressors, to supply the pressure needed for transport. The primary use for Hquids pipelines is the transport of cmde oil and petroleum products. 

A pipeline network is a collection of elements such as pipes, compressors, pumps, valves, regulators, heaters, tanks, and reservoirs interconnected in a specific way. The behavior of the network is governed by two factors (i) the specific characteristics of the elements and (ii) how the elements are connected together. The first factor is determined by the physical laws and the second by the topology of the network. 

Natural gas (methane) is transported through an uninsulated 6 in. ID commercial steel pipeline, 1 mi long. The inlet pressure is 100 psi and the outlet pressure is 1 atm. What are the mass flow rate of the gas and the compressor power required to pump it T) = 70°F, /rgas = 0.02 cP. 

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