Pine needles analysis

Ratola N, Lacorte S, Alves A et al (2006) Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Comparison of different extraction and clean-up procedures. J Chromatogr A 1114 198-204... 

Gardner, D.R. and James, F.F. (1999). Pine needle abortion in cattle Analysis of isocupressic acid in North American Gymnosperms, Phytochem. Anal., 10, 1-5. 

For the following analyses, indicate whether radiochemical neutron activation analysis would be preferred to instrumental neutron activation analysis. If radiochemistry is indicated, briefly sketch the separation procedures to be used (a) the determination of ppm levels of Mo in flathead minnows, (b) the determination of the trace-element content of agricultural field-burning particulate matter, (c) the use of stable activable tracers to determine flow patterns in an ocean estuary, and (d) the determination of Dy in pine needles. 

Index plants Quarterly Nuclide analysis Mugwort, pine needle etc. 

Hilpert K, Waidmann E. 1986. Multi-element determination in environmental samples by mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis using thermal ionization Part I Pine needles. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 325 141-145. 

Fig. 3 compares the accuracy of INAA, ICP-MS, ETAAS, ICP-AES and EDXRF in the analysis of plant reference materials (NIST-SRM-1575 Pine needles, NIST-SRM-1572 Citrus leaves and Bowen s kale). Twenty-three elements are determined by INAA, 13 by ICP-MS, 17 by ICP-AES - lanthanides are determined after chemical separation and preconcentration (Markert, 1996) - 10 by ETAAS and 9 by EDXRF. The method displaying greatest problems with accuracy is ICP-MS where accuracy for Cr is 126%, for Cu 45%, for Mn 30%, for Mo 94% and for Sb 50%. EDXRF faces difficulties in the determination of Ca and Fe and ICP-AES for Ce and Na. ETAAS is the only method permitting determination of Cd in plants at background levels and again as in the other cases Ni is problematic for all methods. 

Thakur, V. K., Singha, A. S. (2010). Natural fibres-based polymers Part 1-mechanical analysis of pine needles reinforced biocomposites. Bull Mater. Sci.. 33(3), 257-264. 

Figure 10.417 Anion analysis in a certified pine needle sample after UV photolysis. Separator column lonPac AS12A eluent 2.7 mmol/L Na2C03 -I- 0.3 mmol/L NaHCOa flow rate ...

EO-Cl, -Br, -I Pine needles NAA Studied the concentrations and distribution of organochlorinated contaminants in pine needles (biomonitor to evaluate the levels of in the atmospheric environment) using instrument neutron activation analysis Cl 50 ng Br 8ng I 3.5 ng 130... 

Costonis et al. (33) were unable to demonstrate a positive correlation between ambient sulfur dioxide levels and inorganic sulfur ion accumulation in the needles of pines which are injured by relatively low levels of sulfur dioxide in the air. White pines growing in air polluted with more than 0.25 ppm of sulfur dioxide are often stunted, and a direct correlation can be obtained between plant growth and ambient S02 levels (34). However, tissue analysis does not reveal a measurable rise in sulfur level as inorganic sulfate ions. It is posible that the excess sulfur is incorporated into cell protein, but the data conflict (28, 35). For these reasons, it is not possible to follow sulfur accumulation in plants chronically exposed to low levels of ambient S02 without resorting to labeled S02. 

Figure 19 SEM and energy dispersive analysis micrographs (175x) showing mineral distribution, Ca, Si, and Al, localization in a frozen, planar transverse section 1 mm behind the tip in a second year needle of Pinus strobus (Eastern white pine) (a) secondary electron image, (b) calcium distribution, (c) Si distribution, and (d) Al distribution. Abbreviations endodermis (en), epidermis (ep), hypodermis (hy), mesophyll (me), transfusion tissue (tr), vascular tissue (vt), and xylem wall (xw) (courtesy of M. J. Hodson and A. G. Sangster, unpublished collection).

Analysis of pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles collected over large areas of Europe showed the presence of a number of halogenated compounds including DDT, pentachlorophenol, and PCBs (Jensen et al. 1992). Whereas the origin of the DDT, which has been banned for many years in Europe, could be attributed to its application in an area of southern Germany, the source of pentachlorophenol which was highest in samples from Northern Sweden could not be unequivocally established. 

Hiltunen, R. Laakso, I. (1995). Gas chromatographic analysis and biogenetic relationships of monoterpene enantiomers in Scots pine and juniper needle oils. Flaoour and Fragrance Journal, Vol.lO, No.3, (May/June 1995), pp. 203-210, ISSN 1099-1026... 

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