Pigments history

This compound has entered pigment history as Hansa Yellow G . The commercial varieties are products with comparatively coarse particle sizes and specific surface areas of approximately 8 to 30 m2/g. P.Y.l provides good hiding power, it is used primarily in air drying paints as well as in packaging and textile printing. 

Technological History (26,54—61). As a first approach, there are three groups of components supports, paint media, and pigments. The support is the substrate upon which the paint layers are laid down. This can be a specially prepared area on a wall for a wall painting, a wooden panel as in a panel painting, or a fabric in canvas paintings. Paper is a prevalent support in Oriental painting. Other supports are encountered less frequently, eg, metal panels such as copper sheet. 

Phthalocyanine pigments account for approximately 23% of the total worldwide organic pigment consumption of 225,000 tons. Approximately 20,000 t are used in printing inks, 10,000 t in paints, 9,000 t in plastics, 3,000 t in textiles, 7,000 t in dyes, and 2,000 t in specialty uses. Table 1 shows the worldwide distribution of cmde phthalocyanine capacity. The production history of phthalocyanine in the United States from 1980 to 1990 is given in Table 2 (161). The 1990 prices of phthalocyanine blue and green pigments were ca 11—22/kg and 21—27/kg, respectively. 

Betalaines. In 1968, the term betalaines was used to describe collectively two groups of plant pigments the red betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins. The red and yellow dyes found in beets. Beta vulgaris, fall into this category. An interesting history has been written about these dyes (133). 

For consistent, comparable results it is essential that a fresh sample blank be processed and otherwise be treated identically with each current batch of field samples. Whenever possible, this blank specimen should be from the same locality and should have the same previous spray (or other) history as the actual samples. Frequently, fruit and vegetable parts possess benzene-extractable pigments or other substances not removable by the decolorizing treatment utilized. In order to eliminate such background interfer-... 

Barnett, J. R., S. Miller, and E. Pearce (2006), Colour and art - A brief history of pigments, Optics Laser Tech. 38, 445-453. 

Feller, R. L. (ed.) (1986), Artists Pigments A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Vol. 1, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. 

E.W. Fitzhugh (Ed.), Artists Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, New York, 1997. 

R. White and J. Kirby, Preliminary research into lac lake pigments using HPLC/electrospray mass spectrometry, Dyes in History and Archaeology, 16/17, 167 178 (2001). 

Several companies now produce sunglasses with melanin pigment embedded within the lenses the intention is for the commercial lens to mimic the way the eye blocks some wavelengths, i.e. forming natural sunglasses . The informative Website http // www.fcgmelanin.com has both history and science pages. 

For more information about the pigments themselves, try A History of Lettering, N. Gray, Phaidon, Oxford, 1986, or The Icon Image of the Invisible, Egon Sendler, Oakwood, 1988. Chapters 12-15 of the latter book are a mine of detail concerning the manufacture of pigments. 

Synthetic organic pigments, 19 418-422t history of, 19 423-424 Synthetic organic polymers, manufactured fibers based on, 24 616-618 Synthetic polyamide fibers, dyeing, 9 188-191, 469-470... 

Whilst the pigment has a favourable toxicity profile and a long history of application in sensitive applications such as cosmetics and in food-contact applications, in order to meet the requirements of discerning customers practice sustainable procurement and look for products with a beneficial life cycle analysis. This paper, therefore, outlines the results of a study which shows how a commitment to sustainable manufacture is an essential addition to the favourable toxicity profile. Areas for improvement are recognised and options for renewable energy resources are discussed. 

The first important event in the history of azo pigments was the discovery of the diazotization reaction by P. Cries in 1858. In 1875, Caro and Witt synthesized chrysoidine,... 

The history of BONA pigment lakes parallels that of (J-naphthol pigment lakes. Literary evidence of the use of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, which was first synthesized in 1887 by Schmitt and Burkard as a coupling component, dates from 1893 (Kostanecki). However, it was not until 1902 that the compound began to be employed in dye synthesis by AGFA (aniline - BONA). 

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