Pictorial projection

The two common methods used to represent a three-dimensional object on a flat piece of paper are orthographic projection and pictorial projection. 

Two kinds of pictorial projection are used isometric projection and oblique projection. 

Many s)mbols are pictorial which is helpful in representing process as well as control and mechanical operations. In general, experience indicates that the better the representation including relative locating of connections, key controls and even utility connections, and service systems, the more useful will be the flowsheets for detailed project engineering and plant design. 

Fig. 15. Conformational map of cyclohexane. The diagram represents a partial qualitative pictorial polar projection of the conformational globe of Pickett and Strauss (106) it may be completed by rotating around 120 and 240°, respectively. Relative potential energies are given (kcal mole-1 force field of ref. 19 reference chair conformation). The lines inside the six-membered rings represent mirror planes (solid) and twofold axes (dotted), respectively.

The (I ,S)-nomenclature still reminds the user of the right and left handed helical pattern arising from Fresnel s 29> interpretation of optical activity. These patterns are characterized by the combination of a translational and a rotational direction. The Ta skeletal symmetry of tetracoordinate systems submits itself to the pictorial models not applicable to other configurational types. The CIP rules may as well be used to define a configurational nomenclature on the basis of the Fischer projection. If one specified that in such a projection of an (R)-... 

There are multiple paths to achieving the state when a product and a process are in control. A pictorial representation of this concept is shown in Figure 1.2. Simpler molecules may achieve a state of control (predictable state) early in the development process, while more complex molecules may retain a high state of variability until late in the process. The goal for development must be a development path that is documented and performed by qualified scientists, equipment, facilities, instruments, etc. Development paths that can be followed are varied, but the final outcome, when a project is transferred to manufacturing, is a product and a process that are in a well-characterized state of control. 

Figure 5.64. (a) A projection on the base of the hexagonal unit of La2C>3. La atoms are the smaller circles and heights are along c. (b) A pictorial view of the structure showing CN 7 for La. 

Figure 8.6. (a) A pictorial view of the AIB2 structure. Smaller open circles are A1 atoms. (b) The hexagonal unit cell is shown in two projections. A1 atoms are the larger circles. 

The Stokes parameters for the polarization of an electron beam can be represented in a Cartesian basis which also provides a convenient pictorial view for the polarization state of an electron beam. Since the polarization of an ensemble of electrons requires the determination of spin projections along preselected directions, the classical vector model of a precessing spin will first be discussed. Here the spin is represented by a vector s of length 3/2 (in atomic units) which processes around a preselected direction, yielding as expectation values the projections (in atomic units, see Fig. 9.1)... 

Application of the projection operator will also be demonstrated pictorially in forthcoming chapters. These representations will emphasize the results of summation of symmetry-sensitive properties while the absolute magnitudes will not be treated rigorously. Thus, for example, the directions of vectors will be summed in describing vibrations, and the signs of the angular components of the electronic wave functions will be summed in describing the electronic structure. 

These are called stability surfaces. The variation of the different solution properties during the course of an experimental run can then be depicted as the upward projection of the experimental path from the two-dimensional grid onto the surface. This conveniently allows one to simulate and pictorially represent the results of various types of experiments on metal-multiligand mixtures. ... 

Chetri, M., Chapagain, N.R. and Neupane, B.D. (2006). Flowers of Mustang A Pictorial Guide Book. National Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Upper Mustang Biodiversity Conservation Project, Kathmandu, Nepal. 

Figure 9. Pictorial view of the NEMO tower. Before the deployment the tower is assembled in a transportable structure together with its anchor and the releasing system. After the deployment a large buoy pulls up the whole tower. The stories are kept in tension by means of buoys and synthetic fiber ropes. In the present project each tower holds 64 PMT displaced in 16 stories.

Opaque Projector ofEpiscope. The opaque projector projects and simultaneously enlarges material directly from original books, magazines, etc. All kinds of written, printed or pictorial matter in any sequence can be projected for teaching purpose. It can also project opaque thin objects like leaves, shells, sample of fabrics, butterflies, moths, etc. 

We speak frequently of a density distribution of the electrons in the atom, or of an electronic cloud round the nucleus. By this we mean the distribution of charge which is obtained when we multiply the probability function /r for a definite state by the charge e of the electron. From the standpoint of the statistical interpretation its meaning is clear it can be represented pictorially in the way shown in fig. 21, Plate VII. The figures represent the projections (shadows) of the electronic clouds in various states the positions of the nodal surfaces can be recognized in them at once. 

The section on Pictures in Art explains the difficulties that arise when an account of pictorial representation is extended from a consideration of scientific objects to objects represented in art. The section on Representing Molecules returns to the representation of spatial relations between atoms showing how, in systems of molecular representation after the time of Dalton, the spatial relations between atoms were sometimes shown in ways that were, on the account given in this chapter, pictorial, as was the case with van t Hoff s representations of the geometries of carbon atoms using solid tetrahedra. Later, schematic methods of spatial representation were developed, such as the Fischer projection, which conventionalized the representation of spatial relationships. 

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