Isometric projection

Fig. 2.10 Isometric projection of the electron density around formamide.

Fig. 2.2. Isometric projections of probability density pb(0,

Fig. 2.4. Distribution Pb( ,

Fig. 3.2. Isometric projection of the probability density of angular momenta distribution of ground (lower part) and excited (upper part) states (a) Q excitation (6) (P, R) excitation by light with E z.

Figure 1. Production of an EEM for a hypothetical substance. (1A) Excitation and emission spectra of substance (B) Fluorescence of cuvet filled with substance in A and illuminated with a polychromatic beam (C) EEM image at exit slit plane of analyzing monochromator (D) Isometric projection of EEM as may be obtained on an oscilloscope or graphics terminal.

Figure 8. (A) Contour map of the six component PAH mixture EEM (B) Isometric projection of the mixture EEM.

Figure 2.3 (a) Isometric projection (solid diagram) for a hypothetical ternary system (b) isotherm (horizontal section) (c) binary-phase subset (d) liquidus surface. 

The balance is shown in an isometric projection in Fig. 2. The beam is constructed of a 0.073-in. reworked transparent fused quartz rod. The overall length is nearly 6 in. The shape of the beam is determined by three considerations (1) cross section must be capable of supporting the load (2) the three supporting points are coplanar and (3) the center of gravity of the beam must be below the point of support. These con-... 

Fig. 10. Isometric projection of the adsorption profiles of Br (0.05mM CaBr2) at Pt(lll). Reprinted from ref. 27.

Figure 11.10. An isometric projection showing three-phase equilibria.

Figure 11.11. An isothermal horizontal section (a), a vertical section, or isopleth (h), and the liquidus surface from the isometric projection of Figure 11.10.

Figure 4.29. (a) Optical path in a UV photodiode array detector, (b and c). Three-diipensional display from UV diode array detector, azathioprine and impurities separated by reversed-phase(RP)HPLC with HP I040A detector coupled loan HP 85 microcomputer (b) isometric projection of data showing components 1-5 (c) reversed projection of data showing components 1-3, 5 and 6. Key (I) I-methyl-4-nitro-5-hydroxyimidazole (2) l-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole (3) 6-mercaptopur-ine (4) l-methy -4-nitro-5-chIoroimidazole (5) azathioprine (6) process impurity... 

Fig. 8. Isometric projection of emission-excitation matrix ( fluorogram ) of fluorescence intensity (7f) for promethazine hydrochloride (A) and promethazine sulphoxide (B) in buffer at pH 3.0. (From A. F. Fell et ah, J. pharm. biomed. Analysis, 1983,...

Figure 2. A, An isometric projection of a single research rock-exposure rack. Racks are mounted in pairs with four sets per location. B. A typical completed research rock-exposure site with research stones in place.

Data was collected at six VES sites selected at the study area. The VES data were analyzed using computer processing techniques to create 5 and 10 layer subsurface models (18,19). Figure 12 presents a three-dimensional isometric projection prepared from the computergenerated, 5-layer VES curves. 

Figure 12. VES five layer, three-dimensional isometric projection. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 9.

Figure 2 Dissociation potential vertically, and Z and Z2 from 2 to 36 horizontally, in almost isometric projection. Transition-metal and rare-earth molecules have been cut out, and the resulting pieces of the surface have been shd and joined to pieces at smaller Z. Homonuclear molecules are on the left-right diagonal, and the terrain is symmetrical with respect to a vertical plane through that diagonal. Any series of isoelectronic molecules has addresses going horizontally and normal to that plane. The scale is established by the value for N2 (9.79 eV), which lies between the peaks for CO and OC. The figure is constructed from stick graphs by drawing lines of least descent from each peak, by draping a surface from those lines down to the 0 eV valleys of rare-gas molecules. In addition, an attempt is made to indicate craters in the bottoms of which are found the alkaline-earth pairs.

The electron density can be visualised in several ways. One approach is to construct contours on slices through the molecule, such that each contour connects points of equal density, as shown in Figure 2.9 for foruaamide. The electron density can also be represented as an isometric projection (or a relief map. Figure 2.10), in which the height above the plane... 

Two kinds of pictorial projection are used isometric projection and oblique projection. 

In isometric projection, vertical lines are shown vertical but horizontal lines are drawn at 30° to the horizontal on each side of the vertical. This is shown by the rectangular box in Fig. 20.9 and in Figs. 20.7 and 20.8. 

To overcome display problems, the data matrix can be represented in a more informative way, such as a contour map. In the contour plot presentation, the spectral information is plotted as a series of iso-emissive concentric lines in the excitation and emission wavelength plane. Often this technique permits the detection of possible peak overlap and allows for a better view of the spectral information. The primary advantage of the two-dimensional contour plot is that it successfully eliminates the problem of obscured peaks and thereby increases the possibility of identifying individual components in the mixture. Figure 2 shows hypothetical EEMs illustrating both the isometric projection and contour plots. The advantage of viewing the data matrix in a contour plot is illustrated. 

Figure 2 Generation of fingerprint excitation-emission matrix (A) EEM of pure component, compound A (B) EEM of pure component, compound B (C) fingerprint EEM of a mixture of compounds A and B (D) isometric projection of fingerprint in (C). (Reprinted with permission from Shelly DC, Quarles JM, and Warner IM (1980) Identification of fluorescent Pseudomonas species. Clinical Chemistry 26 8y. 1127-1132.)...

Investigation of complex biological samples, such as the analysis of bovine serum albumin, could be best achieved by employing the high resolving power of multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. An isometric projection will allow for a simultaneous observation of all the data points in each of the scans. In addition to a more pictorial representation of the... 

Figure 4 Isometric projections of EEMs (A) unused growth medium (B) supernatant from noncancerous cell medium (C) supernatant from cancerous cell medium. (Reprinted with permission from Rossi TM, Quarles JM, and Warner IM (1982) Analytical studies of fluorescent metabolites of cancer cells. Analytical Letters 15(B13) 1083-1098.)...

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