Orthographic projection

Fig. 25. Wall-segment geometry for 1-hole particles orthographic projections showing (a) flow path lines for particles released from vertical planes close to the tube wall (b) flow path lines for particles released from the bottom horizontal plane.

Figure 1 Mercurian smooth plains exhibit embaying boundaries similar to those found on the lunar maria, but because of their much lower FeO, they are much brighter than the lunar maria. The image on the left is of Rudaki plains (R), 3° S, 56° W that on the right is of smooth plains in Tolstoj (T), 16° S, 164° W. The images were acquired with the Mariner 10 cameras. Scale of both images is 1 km per pixel at the center, orthographic projection, 500 X 500...

Figure 1.4 Orthographic projection of a body-centred cubic unit cell...

Figure 3. Orthographic-projection models of sphere placement in a 20-pm3, three-dimensional space at 6.0% phase volume. Interparticle distance (a) 0.69 pm, (b) 0.98 pm, and (c) 0.79 pm. Number of particles (a) 115, (b) 34, and (c) 58 + 17.

Fig. 1. Orthographic projections of diamond space lattice. For aid in visualization, the hexagonal rings of layer A are outlined with solid lines in the top view. Layer B hexagons are outlined by dashes, and layer C hexagons with dots.

Fig. 2. Orthographic projections of rhombohedral graphite space lattice. Scale is the same as that used in Fig, 1.

Fig. 34. Field emission from clean tungsten surface in standard configuration. Orientation of the crystal surface is indicated by the orthographic projection (b).

As indicated in the hard-sphere model in Fig. 33 a hemispherical emitter surface is made up of a variety of crystal planes. The closer packed of these, such as the 110, 211, and 100 in the body centered cubic lattice, have a higher work function they therefore appear as dark spots in the more brightly emitting areas corresponding to stepped regions. With the aid of a standard orthographic projection (Fig. 34). the orientation of the emitter and the identity of the planes can thus be deduced from the symmetry of the pattern. 

Now if you were to draw perpendicular lines from the comers of the object into the faces of the glass box, you would see the outlines shown in Figure 16.1. The outlines are called the orthographic projection of the object into the horizontal, vertical, and the profile planes. 

To develop these six views, an engineer uses orthographic projection to project or transfer the view s features out from each side of the object. Figure 6-6 shows the orthographic projection of one surface. Projecting the view straight from the object shows the surface s true shape and size. 

Orthographic projection is derived from geometry, the area of mathematics that is concerned with the size, shape, and position of items in space. Geometry is one of the oldest areas of mathematics, dating back to 300 b.c. Ancient mathematicians who studied geometry used classical tools such as compasses and straightedges (rulers) to develop their discipline. 

Orthographic projection is a technique used to develop views of a part that show the part s true shape and size. 

The two common methods used to represent a three-dimensional object on a flat piece of paper are orthographic projection and pictorial projection. 

Orthographic projection may be first angle or third angle and the system used on a drawing should be shown by the appropriate symbol. 

A part with little internal detail can be satisfactorily represented by orthographic projection. However, where the internd detail is complicated and are represented by hidden... 

Convert pictorial views into orthographic projection with or without section and finally transform his vision into orthographic views - 3a (M), 3 g (M), 3i (L), 3 k (M). 

At the beginning of the class, the isometric view (Fig. 4) of the component was displayed, and students were expected to draw orthographic projections. Later the solutions are displayed and students will cross evaluate themselves. The complexity of 3D component goes on increasing from class to class. After 50 % of the course completion, orthographic projections (Fig. 5) were displayed, and students are expected to draw isometric view. By the end of the semester, students were able to draw orthographic projections for the given 3D objects and vice versa. 

Figure 3 Balls and sticks model of the gramicidin A dimer (orthographic projection)...

A. The Ihree principal projection planes of orthographic projection can be thought of os planes of a glass box. 

Figure 6.10 The principal projection planes of orthographic projection. (Source James H. Earle, Engineering Design Graphics, 5th Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Boston, MA, copyright 1987. Reprinted with permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, NJ. j...

---