Phytosterols stigmasterol

Three new triterpenoid saponins, nudicaucin A, -B and -C (62-64) have also been isolated from H. nudicaulis together with a known saponin, guaiacin D (65) [10]. The phytosterols, stigmasterol and sitosterol are frequently reported in most of the phytochemical work on this genus. 

Zoosterols cholesterol, 1.5 deoxycholic, cholic, and dehydrocholic acids, 4 Phytosterols stigmasterol, 0.30 (mixtures of phytosterols are cheap) sarsasapogenin, 3 diosgenin, 40... 

Tenerife and La Palma, revealed the existence of luteolin and an array of simple phenolic derivatives as well as three known phytosterols, B-amyrin, sitosterol, and stigmasterol. The phenols identified comprised a set of phenylpropanoids myristicin [566] (see Fig. 6.16 for structures 566-573), methyleugenol [567], todadiol [568], todatriol [569], crocatone [570], elemicin [571], apiole [572], and the coumarin scopoletin [573]. The occurrence of these compounds is recorded in Table 6.5. The differences between the two profiles were taken by Gonzalez and his co-workers... 

Aleurites fordii Hemsl. You Tong (Candlenut) (fruit, aerial part, seed) Saponin, alpha-elaeo stearic, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, tannins, phytosterols, n-hentriacontane, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterolm, campesterol.50-219 Analgesic activity. Treat anemia, atrophy, edema, vermicide, oil (toxic internally) for parasitic skin diseases. 

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Perry Ding Xian (Clove) (clove bud) Phytosterols, campesterol, crataegol acid, sitosterols, stigmasterol, niacin, ascorbic acid.50 Antiemetic, carminative, stimulant, treat diarrhea, halitosis, nasal polyps, uterine fluxes, sterility, toothache. 

N.A. Phytosterols, (3-sitosterol, stigmasterol, mannitol, rehmannin." Preventing poisoning and liver damage. Treat blood pressure, fever. 

Most of the unsaponifiables in vegetable and animal fats are sterols. The animal fats contain predominantly cholesterol, and most vegetable fats contain only traces of this sterol. Plant sterols, collectively called phytosterols, are made up mainly of sitosterols and stigmasterol, but some individual vegetable fats contain additional phytosterols. The pattern of typical sterols has been suggested as useful in detecting the adulteration of one oil with another (2). 

The concentration of fats and related substances in molasses is low analytical values depend on the extracting solvent.126 These tenaciously retained materials can be removed by fractionation of blackstrap on fuller s earth clay.70 Chromatography on a calcium silicate of the fat fraction of Cuban molasses led to the isolation of melissyl alcohol, a phytosterol fraction, chlorophyll a and a fat fraction containing a glyceride of linoleic acid.70 Stigmasterol and syringic acid are reported as ether-extractable constituents of molasses.127... 

The demonstration166 that the side-chains of 24-methylenecycloartanol (96), 24-methylenelophenol, and campesterol incorporated two deuterium atoms, whilst those of 24-ethylidenecycloartanol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol contained a maximum of four deuterium atoms when biosynthesized by cultures of barley embryo in the presence of [Me-2H3]methionine, provides further evidence for the intermediacy of 24-methylene- and 24-ethylidene-compounds in the biosynthesis of C28 and C29 phytosterols. The barley system was also able to convert labelled 24-ethylidenelophenol into radioactive sitosterol efficiently. These results, and those obtained from feeding experiments with [2-14C,(4R)-4-3Hi]MVA, are consistent with a pathway (Scheme 9) to stigmasterol (97) involving isomerization of (98) to a... 

Phytosterols are structurally very similar to cholesterol and the major phytosterols (campesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol) have the same kind of membrane viscosity modulating function in plants that cholesterol (C27 3-OH-C6 C6 G61 C5—C8) has in animals. Campesterol (24-methylcholesterol), sitosterol (24-ethylcholesterol) and stigmasterol (A22, 24-ethylcholesterol) are widespread phytosterols. The animal sterols lanosterol and cholesterol are present in particular plants. Phytosterol esters reduce cholesterol absorption and lower LDL-cholesterol. 

Phytosterols are partially absorbed in the small intestine. Human absorption efficiency is estimated to be approximately 10% for campesterol and campestanol, 4 to 5% for sitosterol and stigmasterol, and negligible for sitostanol. The absorption of cholesterol ranges from 33 to 60%. Structural features, including the length and configuration of the aliphatic side chain of phytosterols, are thought to contribute to the differences in the absorption efficiency between phytosterols and cholesterol. " Phytosterols apparently displace cholesterol by mass action and... 

Similar types of alkylation have been applied in syntheses of other steroidal side-chains, including that of 22-trans-26,27-dinorergosta-5,22-dien-3j8-ol (387), a novel marine sterol. In addition, the Wittig reaction has been used to prepare various possible polyene intermediates in phytosterol biosynthesis. The aldehydes (389) and (390) were prepared (Scheme 26) from stigmasterol acetate (388b) by modification of a known procedure. These aldehydes were then alkylated with a variety of ylides derived from phosphonium salts, leading to a series of polyenes (391) and (392). ... 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

Presence of phytosterols in oat oil was first reported by Idler et al. in 1953 (128). Oat grain contains 35-60 mg phytosterols/100 g grain (127). Phytosterol content of oat oil varies between 0.19% to 0.32% (125). p-Sitosterol (40-70% of total sterols) is the major phytosterol in oats. A - and A -Avenasterol are the two other phytosterols that present in significant quantities in oats. Campesterol, stigmasterol, A -stigmasten-3p-ol, A -cholesten-3p-ol, and cholesterol were also present in oat grain. 

Among the simple lipids are also the cholesterol and cholesterol esters with acids such as palmitic, stearic, or oleic. These compounds are common compounds in most animal cells, although not in plants. Besides cholesterol, other zoosterols are known [la]. Several sterols are also present in plants (phytosterols), the most common being the sitosterol(s) and stigmasterol. 

Plant sterols, also called phytosterols, have been reported to include over 250 different sterols and related compounds in various terrestrial and marine materials (Akihisa et al., 1991). Sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol are the commonly consumed plant sterols. The predominant sterol class in vegetable oils is 4-desmethyl sterols. Sitosterol usually contributes more than 50% of desmethyl sterols. The other most significant desmethyl sterols include campesterol, stigmasterol, A5-avenasterol, A7-avenasterol, and A7-stigmastenol. Brassicasterol is a typical sterol for rapeseed and other Cruciferae. Stanol occurs in significant amounts in com bran and fiber oil (Piironen, et al., 2000). 

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