Physiological techniques

This chapter has introduced the membrane ion channels and electro-physiological techniques that may be used for exploring the actions and properties of an important group of anthelmintics. It can be seen that these electrophysiological techniques can be used to explore the mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance. It is hoped that in the future new pharmacological approaches may be produced that can reverse the resistance, perhaps by interfering with the phosphorylation of the ion channels. 

Rojanasakul et al. [88] found that most of these enhancers (in particular, EDTA, digitonin, and sodium deoxycholate) increased the corneal permeability, and they may lead to severe cellular membrane damage as indicated by laser scanning confocal microscopy and electro-physiological techniques. 

There is abundant evidence that blood n-glucose is the main source for the synthesis of lactose in the active mammary gland. This precursor was indicated, quite early in the study of this problem, by the accumulated evidence from a variety of physiological techniques used on the intact animal, although none of them would have been conclusive on its own. ... 

The application of biochemical, pharmacological and physiological techniques to the study of dopamine receptors showed clearly that there were multiple receptors for dopamine, and in 1978 it was proposed that there were two subtypes of the dopamine receptor (Di and D2) 9 The application of molecular biological techniques in the late 1980s showed that there were at least five dopamine receptor subtypes (D, D2, D3, D4 and D5).10 18... 

An increase in dark anaerobic hydrogen fermentation yields through metabolic engineering and other molecular and physiological techniques and... 

Indicator system Biological Indices Ecological surveys Community structure Physiological techniques Bioaccumulation tests... 

We have used the CNS of the cockroach Periplaneta americana to investigate these receptors using both biochemical and physiological techniques. 

For ion channels, patch-clamping electro-physiological techniques, FRET, and Rh+ efflux assays are used by have limited throughput. The FLIPR has proven useful for nicotinic and P2X receptors (134). 

Many victims of mental disease are said to show disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. Indeed, the physiological and biochemical study of mental diseases is in its early infancy. Preliminary findings suggest that the time is ripe for full-scale attack upon mental diseases by the techniques of these sciences. The insulin shock treatment represents only a first crude application of physiological techniques to therapy of such conditions. More effective methods may be expected to evolve out of this beginning. 

The advantages cff physiological techniques are numerous the spectrum of their possibilities grows constantly wider. Following are some of them together with their limitations. 

Conventional intracellular voltage recording of synaptic potentials (EJPs [excitatory junctional potentials] Jan and Jan 1976a) is the most traditional and simplest electro-physiological technique. The muscle is impaled with a single sharp electrode filled with 3 M KCl or potassium acetate (15-40 M 2 resistance). Nerve-evoked EJPs are recorded by stimulating the appropriate segmental nerve (0.2-1 msec) with a fire-polished suction electrode (see above). 

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