Pharmacological approaches

A third approach to studying enzyme translocations is to use specific pharmacological tools. These tools provide controls for both biochemical and immunofluorescence studies and often provide insight into possible mechanisms of translocations. 

As discussed in Section IV. B, lipid modification has been shown to play a critical role in the targeting of GTP binding proteins to cell membranes (Casey, 1994). G proteins may form complexes with, and conse- 

Tyrosine phosphorylation of plasmalemmal receptors or other proteins provides high-affinity binding sites for src homology 2 (SH2)-containing proteins and represents a key targeting mechanism for enzyme translocation. Several groups of tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently available and have been shown to interfere with enzyme translocation. 

Naturally occurring flavonoids, such as quercetin and genistein, inhibit tyrosine kinase activity by competing with ATP (Akiyama et al., 1987), and have been shown to inhibit cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKC, and other ATP-requiring enzymes (Gazit et al., 

Pseudosubstrate inhibitor peptides are now available for a host of protein kinases in addition to PKC, 

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Due to the pivotal role of platelets in thrombus formation, especially in the arterial system, inhibition of platelet function has become a central pharmacological approach. Antiplatelet drugs are given in order to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases such as coronary heart disease, peripheral and cerebrovascular disease. They have also revolutionized the procedures of invasive coronary interventions as they reduce the risk of restenosis and thrombosis. 

In addition to pharmacological approach, HO expression can also be downregulated by HO antisense treatment. Once the antisense is tagged to a specific cell type, cell type-specific local production of CO can be inhibited, which is more advantageous than general inhibition of HO activity by pharmacological compounds. 

Way KJ, Chou E, King GL (2000) Identification of PKC-isoform-specific biological actions using pharmacological approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21 181-187... 

A scientific procedure that turns the classical pharmacology approach upside down. Instead of finding the elusive receptor for a known hormone or transmitter what classical pharmacology aims at, reverse pharmacology is initiated through the discovery of the receptor gene and aspires to the identification of the receptors unknown ligand. 

The two main settings in which medications are used for alcohol treatment are to control the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (i.e., detoxification) and to reduce or prevent alcohol consumption (i.e., rehabilitation). In the sections that follow, we will first discuss pharmacological approaches to detoxification... 

The interventions compared need to be relevant to the health and social care choices faced by decision-makers. Unless do nothing is a valid management strategy, comparison of a new intervention with placebo is not appropriate for an economic evaluation. Since there are a number of dmg therapies and non-pharmacological approaches to the management of people with dementia, the relative cost-effectiveness of these needs to be... 

Discuss lifestyle modifications that may reduce blood pressure with the patient. Determine what non-pharmacologic approaches might be or have been helpful to the patient. 

Ideally, future antineoplastic drug discovery should be based on a more rational, botanical, chemical, and pharmacological approach. A possible way to test the antineoplastic effects of compounds would be to use some semi in vitro-in vivo models. A more rational approach in antineoplastic research, combined with the enormous chemodiversity of flowering plants, will lead to the discovery of several molecules of clinical value. 

Eter, N, Krohne, TU, and Holz, FG, 2006. New pharmacologic approaches to therapy for age-related macular degeneration. BioDrugs 20, 167-179. 

Kosten T. Pharmacological approaches to cocaine dependence. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15(Suppl. 70A), 1992. 

This chapter has introduced the membrane ion channels and electro-physiological techniques that may be used for exploring the actions and properties of an important group of anthelmintics. It can be seen that these electrophysiological techniques can be used to explore the mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance. It is hoped that in the future new pharmacological approaches may be produced that can reverse the resistance, perhaps by interfering with the phosphorylation of the ion channels. 

Features of fast axonal transport demonstrated by biochemical and pharmacological approaches are apparent from video images 488... 

Platt, F. M. and Butters, T. D. Inhibition of substrate synthesis a pharmacological approach for glycosphingolipid storage disease therapy. In F. M. Platt and S. U. Walkley (eds), Lysosomal Disorders of the Brain. New York Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 381 108. 

It is hoped that our ever-expanding knowledge of the neurobiology of anxiety and anxiety disorders will yield entirely new pharmacological approaches to the treatment of these disorders. Despite some concerns with their... 

Management algorithms that incorporate both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches are shown in Fig. 3-1 (women) and Fig. 3-2 (men). 

A variety of pharmacologic approaches are available and may be prescribed as single or combination therapy for prophylaxis of PONV. See Table 27-8 for doses of specific agents. 

Alternatively, consider memantine or cholinesterase inhibitor therapy alone. Behavioral symptoms may require additional pharmacologic approaches. 

No drugs have been found to accelerate ARF recovery. Therefore, patients with established ARF should be supported with nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches through the period of ARF. 

Indeed, a pharmacological approach is the first line treatment in transient insomnia. Meanwhile, a behavioral or non-pharmacological approach is the recommended therapy for chronic insomnia, together with intermittent aid of pharmacological treatment [3]. 

In contrast, in the pharmacological approach to toxicology, the potential targets of toxicity are first identified (Zbinden, 1986). Then criteria for relevant effects are established, usually based on experience with reference substances, and appropriate in vivo or in vitro experimental models are selected to assess the pertinent toxicological responses. 

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