Physiological Similarity

Electrochemical reactions are typically heterogeneous reactions occurring on the surface of the respective electrodes. Analogous to other heterogeneous reactors, these reactors have (i) mass transfer controlled regime referred to as concentration 

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Definitions of terms related to sepsis are given in Table 45-1. Physiologically similar systemic inflammatory response syndrome can be seen even in the absence of identifiable infection. 

The physiological similarity and phylogenetic proximity of nonhuman primates to humans are often cited as rationale for primate selection for safety studies especially when mechanisms of toxicity or pharmacologic action are expected to be closely related to potential physiological reactions in humans. Likewise, species selection is often based on the demonstration of pharmacologic activity of the test article. Many biopharmaceuticals do not exhibit their intended activity in nonprimate species, whereas small molecules may have activity across all species. 

The bueeal mueosae from monkeys, apes, dogs, pigs, and rabbits exhibit physiology similar to human bueeal mueosa [14]. 

In discussing the physiological similarities and differences, it is for two reasons convenient to separate the peripheral from the central neurophysiology. The first reason is that there are dissociations between them such that the periphery can be sympathetically activated while the center is either sympathetically or parasympathetically activated. The second reason is that the central changes are, in all likelihood, much more important to phenomenology because it is there that conscious awareness is elaborated and because the state of the periphery may have little (waking) or no (REM sleep) impact upon central state. 

Monkeys, in particular Rhesus macaque and squirrel monkey, have been considered as models for vaginal drug absorption because of the similarities between nonhuman primate and human anatomy. The vagina of rhesus macaques is characterized by connective tissue attachments, localization of steroid hormone receptors, duration, and cyclic changes in vaginal physiology similar to that of humans [119]. 

The physiological similarities between sleep deprivation and the overtraining syndrome (OTS) are not surprising. Simply put, both are due to an imbalance... 

Where there are experimental data from more than one species, the default assumption is that humans are at least as sensitive as the most sensitive animal species. If the data indicate, however, that some particular species is a more relevant surrogate for humans, either because of physiological similarity at the site of action or because of the pharmacokinetic parameters associated with the substance under review, such information will preempt that general assumption. 

Laaser G, Moller E, Jahnke KD, Bahnweg G, Prillinger H, Prell HH Ribosomal DNA restriction fragment analysis as a taxonomic tool in separating physiologically similar Basidiomycetous yeasts. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989 11 170-175. 

The digestive tract of a minipig is anatomically and physiologically similar to that of the human adult digestive tract. In fact, the weanling minipig model has a GI tract that is closely similar to children... 

Since it has long been known that there is a high degree of anatomical and physiological similarity between skin obtained from certain pale-skinned porcine species and that of man, it is not surprising... 

The axon wiring in the insect antennal lobe is anatomically and physiologically similar to that in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Insect ORNs target and synapse with two neurons projection neurons and GABA-mediated local intemeurons. Projection neurons are second-order olfactory intemeurons that transmit the information of odorants into the mushroom body calyx and lateral horn, which is the center for olfactory-related memory formation (Heisenberg... 

Live vertebrate animal with high degree of genetic and physiologic similarity to mammals. 

The lesson learned from these case studies was that in vitro models can be used as screening tools when investigating direct injury to a relevant single cell type, but traditiontd two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models often bear little physical, molecular, or physiological similarity to the pancreas in vivo. This highhghts a need to continue efforts to define more complex multicell systems, such as organotypic and ex vivo models, for assessment of drug candidate-induced pancreatic toxicity. 

Some radionuclides are physiologically similar to their nonradioactive, stable isotopes for example, tritium behaves like stable hydrogen, and follows C pathways. Actually, both tritium and are used to stutfy the physiological pathways of their stable isotopes. This isotopic substitution tends to work for all radionuclides, although there is often a shght discrimination because of differences in molecular weight. In addition, some elements with similar characteristics in the periodic table often behave similarly. For example, cesium (e.g., Cs) and potassium have similar chemical characteristics, so that often cesium isotopes follow potassium pathways. This similarity also occurs within animals, most notably when radium (e.g., Ra) follows calcium pathways and is deposited in bone. 

Votruba J, Sobotka M. (1992) Physiological similarity and bioreactor scale-up. Folia Microbiol, 37(5) 331-345. 

For bioreactors, an additional similarity, physiological similarity, is important. 

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