Physics: acoustics, 8 applied optics

There are, of course, many different types of physical stimuli which could induce such dynamic variations in the spectral intensities of polymeric samples. Possible sources of perturbations include electrical, thermal, magnetic, acoustic, chemical, optical, and mechanical stimuli. The waveform or specific time signature of the perturbation may also vary from a simple step function or short pulse, to more complex ones, including highly multiplexed signals and even random noises. In this chapter, dynamic spectra generated by a simple sinusoidal mechanical perturbation applied to polymers will be discussed. 

Measurements of liquid density are closely related to quantity and liquid-level measurements since both are often required simultaneously to establish the mass contents of a tank, and the same physical principle may often be used for either measurement, since liquid-level detectors sense the steep density gradient at the liquid-vapor interface. Thus, the methods of density determination include the following techniques direct weighing, differential pressure, capacitance, optical, acoustic, and nuclear radiation attenuation. In general, the various liquid level principles apply to density measurement techniques as well. 

Chen Chen, Mitra Dutta, and Michael A. Stroscio, Surface-optical phonon assisted transitions in quantum dots. Journal of Applied Physics, 96, 2049-2054 (2004).31. Amit Raichura, Mitra Dutta, and Michael A. Stroscio, Acoustic Phonons and Phonon Bottleneck in Single Wall Nanotubes, J. of Computational Electronics, 4, 91-95, 2005. 

Acoustics algebra applied mathematics calculus chemistry control theory drafting dynamics economics electronics fluid dynamics graphics heat transfer kinematics materials science mechanics optics physics product design robotics statics structural analysis system design thermodynamics. 

Gorla, C.R., Emanetoglu, N.W., Liang, S., Mayo, W.E., Lu, Y., Wraback, M. and Shen, H. (1999) Structural, optical, and surface acoustic wave properties of epitaxial ZnO films grown on (0 1 12) sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Joumoi of Applied Physics, 85, 2595. 

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