Phylogenetically based studies

Phylogenetically based studies offer the opportunity to reveal additional micro- and macro-evolutionary patterns in the Monogenea, but details on biogeographic ranges, larval development and dispersal, site specificity and phy-logenies of the hosts are needed to complete a broader understanding of their widespread radiation. 

Phylogenetically Based Studies of Microbial Ecosystem Perturbation... 

Xie, X., Bain, O. and Williams, S.A. (1994) Molecular phylogenetic studies on filarial parasites based on 5S ribosomal spacer sequences. Parasite 1,141-151. 

Tang, J. and Unnasch, T.R. (1997) Heteroduplex analysis in medical entomology a rapid and sequence-based tool for population and phylogenetic studies. Parasitology Today 13, 271—274. 

Some authors concentrate mainly on phylogenetic aspects based on sequence data. The amino acid sequences of a considerable number of well-studied transporters from many bacteria are published, and an immense set of primary sequence data will become available within the next few years (primarily from numerous genome projects). Phylogenetic trees of transport proteins are... 

The physiological similarity and phylogenetic proximity of nonhuman primates to humans are often cited as rationale for primate selection for safety studies especially when mechanisms of toxicity or pharmacologic action are expected to be closely related to potential physiological reactions in humans. Likewise, species selection is often based on the demonstration of pharmacologic activity of the test article. Many biopharmaceuticals do not exhibit their intended activity in nonprimate species, whereas small molecules may have activity across all species. 

Ample evidence exists to show that aquatic vertebrates are able to metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons to a variety of conjugated and non-conjugated derivatives. It was shown with fish that the metabolite aromatic hydrocarbon ratio tends to increase after hydrocarbon exposure. Under conditions of depuration (clean water environments) either hydrocarbons or metabolites are discharged through gills, bile, urine, skin, and mucus of marine fish. Further work is necessary with phylogenetically diverse species because the above conclusions are based on only a few studies of selected organisms. 

Simmons, R. B. (2001). Phylogenetic studies of mimetic tiger moths based on... 

Bishit and Mukai (2000,2001 a,b), in a series of FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) studies, reported that there were three diploid species. The two tetraploid species . africana and . coracana are related to one another. They also suggested that . multiflora was a distinct species and that the two diploid species . indica and . floccifolia are probably the donors to the tetraploid species. This conclusion was based on the pattern of hybridization of a 5sRNA probe of the chromosomes of the species that they studied. However, phylogenetic analysis of sequence data does not appear to support this hypothesis none of the ITS found in E. coracana closely related to the ITS of E. floccifolia (Neves et al. 2005). 

Calvin WM, King TV, Clark RN (1994) Hydrous carbonates on Mars Evidence from Mariner infrared spectrometer and ground-based telescopic spectra. J Geophys Res 99 14,659-14,675 Canfield DE, Teske A (1996) Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies. Nature 382 127-132... 

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