Phthalocyanine electrical properties

These results illustrate that electrochemical techniques can be employed to synthesize a vast range of [Si(Pc)0]n-based molecular metals/conductive polymers with wide tunability in optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Moreover, the structurally well-defined and well-ordered character of the polymer crystal structure offers the opportunity to explore structure/electro-chemical/collective properties and relationships to a depth not possible for most other conductive polymer systems. On a practical note, the present study helps to define those parameters crucial to the fabrication, from cheap, robust phthalocyanines, of efficient energy storage devices. 

Thin films of phthalocyanine compounds in general, and those prepared by the LB method in particular, display novel electrical properties (Baker, 1985). The LB technique for depositing mono- and multilayer coatings with well-controlled thickness and morphology offers excellent compatibility with microelectronic technology. Such films have recently been reviewed for their potential applications. The combination of LB supramolecular films with small dimensionally comparable... 

Phthalocyanines were chosen for these experiments because they are electronic semiconductors and because they are quite stable materials — an important consideration in fabricating any practical gas-detecting device. A considerable body of literature exists describing the physical and chemical properties of the phthalocyanines. A review of the work prior to 1965 is contained in the chapter by A. B. P. Lever in Volume 7 of Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry (2). Electrical properties of phthalocyanines have been receiving increased attention in recent years. The photoconductivity of metal-free phthalocyanine has been studied in detail (3,4). Electrical properties of lead phthalocyanine have been studied extensively, especially by Japanese workers (5, ,7,8i). They have also studied the alteration of the conductivity of this material upon exposure to oxygen ( ,10.). The effects of a series of adsorbed gases (0, , CO, and NO) on the conductivity of iron phthalo-... 

D. Kleitman, Electrical Properties of Phthalocyanine. Purdue Univ. Press, Lafayette, Indiana, 1953. 

The lanthanide complexes of phthalocyanines, which have attracted intense interest owing to their electrical properties, are not included in this survey because they do not possess a true metal-macrocyclic structure. Even the smallest lanthanide, Lu(III), cannot be accommodated inside the four-N-donor cavity of the phlhalocyanine system. In these complexes, the metal ion is always considerably displaced from the plane of the ligand and sandwich-type structures are common. 

S. Tunel, H.A.J. Banimuslem, M. Durmus, A.G. Gurek, V. Ahsen, T.V. Basova, A.K. Hassan, Liquid crystalline octasubstiuted lead (II) phthalocyanines effects of alkoxy and alkylthio substituents on film alignment and electrical properties. New J. Chem. 36, 1665-1672 (2012)... 

The only class of lanthanidomesogens for which electrical properties have been investigated in detail, are the bis(phthalocyaninato)lanthanide(III) sandwich complexes. As already described in Section 8, the free electron in these complexes is associated with the extensive re-system of the phthalocyanine macrocycles. The individual Pc2Lu units can be considered nominally as Lu " Pc2 The bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium(III) complexes are intrinsic molecular semiconductors. The generation of charge carriers can be represented by the reaction AAA A free carriers, where A is the molecular unit. The ionized pair A " A is photochemically or thermally activated. 

Kudo, T., M. Kimura, K. Hanabusa, and H. Shirai (1998). Electrical properties of junctions between electrodeposited magnesium phthalocyanine and aluminium. Polym. J. 30(3), 177-180. 

Schlettwein, D., J.-P. Meyer, and N.I. Jaeger (1999). Intermolecular interactions and electrical properties in thin films of tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc(II). J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanin 3, 611-619. 

Belogorokhov, I. A., Marlyshov, M. N., GaviiUouk, A. S., Drones, M. A. TomUova, L. G. (2008). Optical and electrical properties of semiconductor stmctures based on bulyl-ated phthalocyanines containing erbium ions Materials Science and Technology. Semiconductors. (3), 23—33. 

Riza Bayrak, Fatih Dmnludag, Hakki Tmker Akcay. (2013). Synthesis, characterization and electrical properties of peripherally tetra-aldazine substituted novel metal free phthalocyanine and its zinc(II) and nickel(n) complexes. Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 105, 550-556. 

Wright JD (1989) Gas adsorption on phthalocyanines and its effects on electrical properties. Prog Surf Sci 31 1-60... 

The columnar phases of metallomesogens have the electrical properties of molecular semiconductors [77-84]. Figure 22 presents the Arrhenius plots of the a.c. conductivity (unaligned samples of copper phthalocyanines (13) determined by Van der Pol et al. [83]. The conductivity increases with increasing temperature. The activation energy is approximately 0.5-0.6 eV at 175 °C for the compounds 13 with R=0C8H 7 and OC12H25. 

Gorishnyi MP, Koval chuk OV, Koval chuk TN, Verbitsky AB, Vovk VE (2011) Electrical properties of phthalocyanine-based sandwich cells with embedded ultrathin metallic layer. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 535 49-56... 

This chapter describes the synthesis and properties of a number of classes of polymers containing metal coordination complexes in their structures. These polymers are prepared by polymerization reactions of metal-containing monomers and through metal coordination reactions. Schiff base-containing polymers (5) were one of the earUest classes of coordination polymers examined. Polymers incorporating macro-cycUc porphyrins and phthalocyanines (7) in their backbones and sidechains are known to exhibit interesting optical and electrical properties. The best-studied classes of metal-containing polymers contain bipyridyl and other related units coordinated to metal ions (8). 

Tollin, G., Keams, D.R., Calvin, M. Electrical properties of (wganic solids. I. Kinetics and mechanism of conductivity of metalo-free phthalocyanine. J. Chem. Phys. 32(4), 1013-1019 (1960)... 

The electrical properties of polymeric metal phthalocyanines are receiving rather extensive attention. There is general agreement that they are typical... 

Since the independent discovery [6] of the semiconducting properties of metalphthalocyanines by Eley and Vartanyan interest in the electrical properties of phthalocyanines has grown steadily, and their potential advantages have become increasingly apparent. Their remarkable thermal stability, their ability to form good quality thin films, and the ease with which their molecular and crystal structures can be modified to control their properties has made them very attractive materials. The chemistry of phthalocyanines has thus catapulted from the reputation of dyes and catalysts [4,5] to a cornucopia of applications in material science. 

Besides substituted phthalocyanines, substituted naphthalocyanines [63,64] and a tetra-/ert-butylsubsti-tuted anthracenocyanine [38b] were also synthesized. Most of the soluble substituted phthalocyanines show insulating behavior however they are important building blocks for the synthesis of soluble bridged transition metal phthalocyanines. The electrical properties of these polymers have been well investigated (see below). 

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