Photonic crystals optical fibers

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of ceramic materials used for photonic crystals, their synthesis, and macroscopic structures and architectures. Particularly close attention is given to the fabrication of silica colloidal crystals, since these forms are the most commonly studied. Initial efforts into devices are discussed, as are newer ceramic photonic crystal structures, including an overview of work in photonic crystal optical fibers. For completeness, nonoxide and organic photonic crystals also are included briefly. 

Fu, L., Jain, A., Xie, H., Cranfield, C., and Gu, M. 2006. Nonlinear optical endoscopy based on a double-clad photonic crystal fiber and a MEMS mirror. Opt. Express 14 1027-32. 

Jianzhao L, Herman PR, Valdivia CE, Kitaev V, Ozin GA. (2005) Colloidal photonic crystal cladded optical fibers Towards a new type of photonic band gap fiber. Opt Express 13 6454-6459. 

Keywords Optical waveguides Optical fibers Thin gold layers Gold nanoparticles Photonic crystals Sensors... 

Our experimental setup of the 2D-CARS microscope is shown in Fig. 5.4h [32], The 70-fs output from the Ti sapphire oscillator was split into two beams. One of the beams was introduced into a photonic crystal fiber (Crystal Fibre, Femtowhite 800) to generate a coherent supercontinuum. Then, the continuum was conditioned with an 800 nm long-pass filter. The other beam was spectrally narrowed by the custom-made laser line filter (Optical Coatings Japan, Av = 14 cm FWHM). The obtained two beams were introduced collinearly into the microscope objective lens. The chirping of the broadband pump beam was carefully avoided so that the CARS signals are obtained in a wide spectral region. The broadband CARS emission in back-reflected direction was analyzed by the CCD spectrometer. 

In terms of ceramic photonic crystals, as noted, opaline silica structures have dominated research activities and the publication and patent literature. In more recent years, significant efforts have developed in the fabrication, modeling, and application of optical fibers in which some degree of dielectric periodicity is... 

The added control over the characteristics of light that is imposed by the periodicity in a photonic crystal fiber has been found to permit other highly useful effects in addition to the above-noted potential for subsilica attenuations. Of particular note are the advantages relating to dispersion management and optical nonlinearity. 

FIGURE 21.8 Scanning electron micrographs of several microstructured optical fibers including (a) high delta, (b) photonic crystal, (c) grapefruit, and (d) air-clad structures ... 

Knight, J., Birks, T., and Atkin, D., All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding. Opt. Lett., 21, 1547, 1996. 

Broeng, J., Photonic crystal fibers a new class of optical waveguides. Opt. Fiber TechnoL, 5, 305, 1999. 

Wang, Y., Zhao, Y, Nelson, 1. et al., Ultrahigh-resolntion optical coherence tomography by broadband continnnm generation from a photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett., 28, 182, 2003. 

Suzuki, K., Kubota, H., Kawanishi, S. et al., Optical properties of a low-loss polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber, Opt. Express, 9, 676, 2001. 

Kano, H. and Hamaguchi, H. (2006) In-vivo multi-nonlinear optical imaging of a living cell using a supercontinuum light source generated from a photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Express, 14, 2798-2804. 

Konorov, S.O., Akimov, D.A., Serebryannikov, E.E., Ivanov, A.A., Alfimov, M.V. and Zheltikov, A.M. (2004) Cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with frequency-converting photonic-crystal fibers. Phys. Rev E, 70, 57601-57604. 

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