Photonic crystal fiber

PhC fibers have emerged as a very promising research area in recent years, with a potential for novel optical and sensing properties [154, 

Microstructured fibers are usually fabricated by the stack-and-draw technique. Glassy capillaries are stacked and inserted into a jacketing tube to form a preform, which is then drawn. This step can be repeated to obtain target dimensions in the final fiber geometry. Alternatively, El-Amraoui et al. have recently prepared preforms with a variety of geometrical patterns by direct mechanical drilling of holes in the ChG rod [156]. 

5 Applications Optical Fibers for Chemical and Biochemical Remote Sensing 

The transmission window of ChG glasses overlaps the 400-4,000 cm IR range, which corresponds to the region of vibrational modes of organic species. This makes ChG-based FEWS an excellent tool for remote detection and analysis of a wide variety of chemicals and biochemical compounds. In this section we will review the advances and main applications of the FEWS technology, ranging from the detection of simple molecules to the detection of complex proteins and enzymes. 

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Peyrilloux, A., Pagnoux, D., Reynaud, F, 2002, Evaluation of photonic crystal fiber potential for fibre linked version of stellar interferometers SPIE 4838, 1334... 

Knight, J. C., Arriaga, J., Birks, T. A., Ortigosa-Blanch, A., Wadsworth, W. J. and Russell, P. S. (2000). Anomalous dispersion in photonic crystal fiber. IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 807-9. 

Schreiber, T., Limpert, J., Zellmer, H., Tunnermann, A. and Hansen, K. P. (2003). High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Commun. 228, 71-8. 

Kudlinski, A., George, A. K., Knight, J. C., Rulkov, A. B., Popov, S. V. and Taylor, J. R. (2006). Zero-dispersion wavelength decreasing photonic crystal fibers for ultraviolet-extended supercontinuum generation. Opt. Express 14, 5715-22. 

In another approach, two cascaded microstructure-collapses on a photonic crystal fiber are intentionally introduced by C02 laser or electric arc heating31. In this way, the mismatch of core size along the fiber causes light coupling between the core and cladding modes. 

While this book surveys a diversified range of photonic sensor structures, it is certainly impossible in one book volume to provide full coverage of all such structures known to science. Thus plasmonic photonic structures, photonic crystal fibers, and nanoparticles will be covered by other upcoming books in this Springer Series Integrated Analytical Systems. ... 

Fu, L., Jain, A., Xie, H., Cranfield, C., and Gu, M. 2006. Nonlinear optical endoscopy based on a double-clad photonic crystal fiber and a MEMS mirror. Opt. Express 14 1027-32. 

Paulsen, H. N., HiUigse, K. M., Thgersen, J., Keiding, S. R., and Larsen, J. J. 2003. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a photonic crystal fiber based light source. Opt. Lett. 28 1123-25. 

Andresen, E. R., Keiding, S. R., and Potma, E. O. 2006. Picosecond anti-Stokes generation in a photonic-crystal fiber for interferometric CARS microscopy. Opt. Express 14 7246-51. 

Knight, J. C. Photonic crystal fibers. Nature (London) 424, 847-851 (2003). 

Yan et al. [71] have used a hollow photonic crystal fiber bundle to immobilize multifaceted AuNPs of 100-200 nm diameters within the hollow stmcture (Fig. 12). They launched the excitation light at 633 nm for Raman spectroscopy onto the end fire of the photonic crystal fiber with a x50 objective. The same objective lens was used to collect the scattered light for Raman spectroscopy. The sensing material or analyte was rhodamine B immobihzed and dried within the photonic fiber onto the AuNPs. The Raman spectrum showed a clear surface enhancement in the presence of the AuNPs. Nevertheless the authors used a photonic crystal fiber, no band gap... 

Yan H, Gu C, Yang C et al (2006) Hollow core photonic crystal fiber surface enhanced Raman probe. Appl Phys Lett 89 204101... 

Figure 6 Cross section of a photonic crystal fiber...

Rottwitt K, Nielsen K, Povlsen JH, Emillyanov G, Hansen TP, Jensen JB (2005) Raman spectroscopy using photonic crystal fibers. Proceedings of SPIE in photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers for sensing applications, vol 6005, pp 387... 

Fig. 5.4 (a) The energy diagram of the three-color CARS process, where the pump and Stokes photons (tUpujjjp and Wsfokes) are provided from the single broadband pulse and the probe photon (cOprobe) from the delayed narrowband pulse, (b) Experimental setup of a time-frequency 2D-CARS microscope BPF band-pass filter, PCF photonic crystal fiber, LPF longpass filter, SPF shortpass filter... 

Our experimental setup of the 2D-CARS microscope is shown in Fig. 5.4h [32], The 70-fs output from the Ti sapphire oscillator was split into two beams. One of the beams was introduced into a photonic crystal fiber (Crystal Fibre, Femtowhite 800) to generate a coherent supercontinuum. Then, the continuum was conditioned with an 800 nm long-pass filter. The other beam was spectrally narrowed by the custom-made laser line filter (Optical Coatings Japan, Av = 14 cm FWHM). The obtained two beams were introduced collinearly into the microscope objective lens. The chirping of the broadband pump beam was carefully avoided so that the CARS signals are obtained in a wide spectral region. The broadband CARS emission in back-reflected direction was analyzed by the CCD spectrometer. 

With respect to conventional fiber, the potential benefits of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber are lower transmission losses (due to both reduced absorption and Raleigh scattering) and lower nonlinearities, since the core is air. In only a few years of research, interest in this area has led to remarkably low-loss fibers (13 dB/km at 1500 mn 100 m length)." With continued advances toward lower-loss photonic crystal fibers, efforts also have begun to address field-level issues, including microbend losses" " and fiber splicing." ... 

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