Phosphorus history

Nitrogen Compounds Ammonia Phosphorus History Properties Sources Uses Arsenic History Properties Uses... 

A recent review of research on phosphorus input to surface waters from agriculture highlights the variability of particulate and dissolved phosphorus contributions to catchments. The input varies with rainfall, fertilizer application rates, the history of the application of the fertilizer, land use, soil type, and between surface and sub-surface water. The balance struck between export of nutrients from the catchment and recipient-water productivity is the primary factor which controls its quality. 

Hydrazinopyridazines such as hydralazine have a venerable history as anti hypertensive agents. It is of note that this biological activity is maintained in the face of major modifications in the heterocyclic nucleus. The key intermediate keto ester in principle can be obtained by alkylation of the anion of pi peri done 44 with ethyl bromo-acetate. The cyclic acylhydrazone formed on reaction with hydrazine (46) is then oxidized to give the aromatized compound 47. The hydroxyl group is then transformed to chloro by treatment with phosphorus oxychloride (48). Displacement of halogen with hydrazine leads to the formation of endralazine (49). ... 

A brief history of (3p-2p)7i bonds between phosphorus and carbon followed by an introduction to the methods of phosphaalkene synthesis that are pertinent to this review will be provided. The earliest stable compound exhibiting (3p-2p)7x bonding between phosphorus and carbon was the phosphamethine cyanine cation (1) [33]. An isolable substituted phosphabenzene (2) appeared just two years later [34]. The parent phosphabenzene (3) was later reported in 1971 [35]. These were remarkable achievements and, collectively, they played an important role in the downfall of the long held double bond rule . The electronic delocalization of the phosphorus-carbon multiple bond in 1-3, which gives rise to their stability, unfortunately prevented a thorough study of the chemistry and reactivity of the P=C bond. 

Of course, not all the phosphazene polymers that have been synthesized are equally important. Many of them, in fact, have a mere academic or speculative interest, and will not be described in this article. A few other classes of POPs, however, do occupy an important place in phosphazene history, and have been seriously considered for industrial development and commercialization. These polymers are basically those in which the properties of the inorganic -P=N- skeleton overlap to the highest extent those of the phosphorus side substituents. In the successive sections of this article we will describe in some detail the most important classes of polyphosphazenes that fulfil this condition. 

Nephrotoxicity IDV potentially TDF Onset IDV—months after therapy TDF—weeks to months after therapy Symptoms IDV—asymptomatic rarely develop end-stage renal disease TDF—asymptomatic to symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, Fanconi syndrome 1. History of renal disease 2. Concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs Avoid use of other nephrotoxic drugs adequate hydration if on IDV monitor creatinine, urinalysis, serum potassium and phosphorus in patients at risk D/C offending agent, generally reversible supportive care electrolyte replacement as indicated... 

GC is coupled with many detectors for the analysis of pesticides in wastewater. At the present time the most popular is GC-MS, which will be discussed in more detail later in this section. The flame ionization detector (FID) is another nonselective detector that identifies compounds containing carbon but does not give specific information on chemical structure (but is often used for quantification because of the linear response and sensitivity). Other detectors are specific and only detect certain species or groups of pesticides. They include electron capture,nitrogen-phosphorus, thermionic specific, and flame photometric detectors. The electron capture detector (ECD) is very sensitive to chlorinated organic pesticides, such as the organochlorine compounds (OCs, DDT, dieldrin, etc.). It has a long history of use in many environmental methods,... 

In view of the rapid growth of the organic chemistry of phosphorus since 1939, considerable attention has been paid to nomenclature. It has not always been easy to achieve agreement among workers in different parts of the world as to the most logical, convenient and simple system. It may not be out of place therefore to trace the inner history of some of the changes and developments that have taken place. However, the reader who is interested only in the details of the nomenclature as now accepted should turn at once to p. 25. 

Monitoring Closely monitor patients coinfected with HBV and HIV who discontinue tenofovir with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months. Monitor patients at risk for, or with a history of, renal dysfunction and patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. Consider bone monitoring for HIV infected patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or are at substantial risk for osteopenia. 

But then the duke sent Leibniz away on a diplomatic mission. By the time the philosopher returned, he had turned to other endeavors and lost interest in his phosphorus project. At this point Brandt disappears from history, and all that is known about the rest of his life is that he lived a fairly long time. Brandt might have still been alive in 1710, when he would have been in his eighties, according to Leibniz. Leibniz remarked that at least he had not heard of Brandt s death. 

In his History of the match industry m tire Journal of Chemical Education, M. F. Crass, Jr., quoted Paracelsus s recipe for the separation of the elements from watery substances (28, 29). Paracelsus s icicles which are the element of fire, which he apparently obtained by distillation of urine, may possibly have been elemental phosphorus. If that be the case, it is difficult to understand why they aroused so little interest... 

Leibniz communicated Brand s method of making phosphorus to Count Ehrenfried Walter von Tschimhaus (1651-1708) in Paris, and sent him a specimen by request. When Count E. W. von Tschimhaus (58) published die Brand-Leibniz recipe in the history of the Royal Academy, Colbert recommended him for membership in the French... 

Johann Heinrich Linck, 1675-1735. Leipzig apothecary who communicated Kunckel s method of preparing phosphorus to J. F. Henckel. The Golden Lion pharmacy Was in possession of the Linck family for three generations, and their museum of natural history and art was known throughout all Germany. 

For further details concerning the his tor of die match industry the reader may consult, for example, the series of articles published by M. F Crass, Jr., in volume 18 of the Journal of Chemical Education in 1941 (28) and Professor Laszlo (Ladislaus) von Szathmary s "History of the Match up to the End of die Nineteenth Century" (56). The early history of die manufacture of phosphorus in America has been described in die Journal of Chemical Education in an interesting article by William E. Gibbs and Claude K. Deischer (57). 

The kind assistance of Dr. Max Speter of Berlin, who graciously contributed a number of important references on the early history of phosphorus, is gratefully acknowledged. 

Davis, T. L. Kunckel and the early history of phosphorus, J. Chem. Educ.,... 

In his history of the discovery of phosphorus, G. W. Leibniz stated in 1710 I also showed this inquisitive prince [Duke Johann Friedrich] another kind [of phosphorus] which one might call thermophosphorus. 

Industrial efforts have been focused on manufacturing of t>r/ 7/-aldehydes ( linear aldehydes) from olefins. Here, we briefly summarize its history on the development of phosphorus ligands, which are classified as monophosphine, monophosphite, bis-phosphite, and bis-phosphine, all useful for the normal-sc cct vc hydroformylation. 

Ryan, M.H. and Ash, J. 1999. Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on growth of pasture plants and AM fungi in SE Australian soils with contrasting fertiliser histories (conventional and biodynamic). Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 73 51-62. 

Phosphorus is one of the most remarkable of the many remarkable substances known to the chemist. The curious method of its discovery, the universality of its distribution, its intimate connection with the phenomena of animal and vegetable life, its extraordinary physical properties and chemical activity, its abnormal molecular constitution, the protean ease of its allotropie transformation, all combine to make up a history which abundantly justifies its old appellation of the phosphorus miraibilia.—T. E. Thorpe. 

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