Phosphorus-containing resins

Zn > Cd > Ca > Mg > Th. From the separation factor values, it is clear that these resins show wide differences in their affinities for different ions and this property has been used for the chromatographic separation of these metal ions. Due to the higher affinity of these phosphorus-containing resins for divalent and mutivalent ions compared to univalent ions, these resins can be used for the isolation of traces of divalent ions, Cu, Pb, and Zn, from solutions containing a high concentration of monovalent ions. 

Nevertheless, some authors have provided some evidence of a flame inhibition effect of phosphorus. Schartel et al. have measured the EHC of epo y resins in a PCFC i.e. corresponding to complete combustion) and in a cone calorimeter. Epojy resins containing DOPO covalently linked to the network have been studied. All thermosets exhibited the same EHC in a PCFC (approximately 24 kJ g ), but in cone calorimeter tests the composites prepared from the phosphorus-containing resins (with 60 vol% of carbon fibers) exhibited a significantly lower EHC than the composite prepared from the phosphorus-free epoxy resin. In this study, a clear flame inhibition effect was evidenced. 

CgIIuIOSIC Resins. In general, phosphorylation of cellulose or treatment of cellulose with phosphorus-containing resins produces a flame-retardant effect by increasing char 5deld although lowering the decomposition temperature somewhat. The mechanism has been extensively studied (209-211). 

The Dupont method to prepare polymer-supported bidentate phosphorus-containing ligands makes use of Merrifield s resin (Scheme 10).69... 

Like other elements important in inorganic chemistry, phosphorus is used mainly in combination with other elements in a polymeric chain 43,44 Small amounts of phosphorus in a polymer can be greatly advantageous, imparting flame retardancy, improved adhesion to metals, and ion-binding characteristics. Phosphorus-containing polymers are therefore extensively used as flame retardants for fabrics, as adhesives, and as ion-exchange resins. 

Tempesti et al. (238) used organoboronic acids (lib) for the immobilization of Mo(VI). It is assumed that the interaction of Mo occurs through a condensation with the supported acid. Reactions reported with the bimetallic material showed an activity and selectivity comparable to those of homogeneous bimetallic analogs. In a comparable approach, Mo was anchored to immobilized phosphorus-containing acids, for example, of cellulose phosphate (11c) (239) or phosphonate resins (11a) (240). 

Ammonium polyphosphates, on the other hand, are relatively water insoluble, nonmelting solids with very high phosphorus contents (up to about 30%). There are several crystalline forms and the commercial products differ in molecular weights, particle sizes, solubilities, and so on. They are also widely used as components of intumescent paints and mastics where they function as the acid catalyst (i.e., by producing phosphoric acid upon decomposition). They are used in paints with pentaerythritol (or with a derivative of pentaerythritol) as the carbonific component and melamine as the spumific compound.22 In addition, the intumescent formulations typically contain resinous binders, pigments, and other fillers. These systems are highly efficient in flame-retarding hydroxy-lated polymers. 

Kim, Y. C., (Kolon Industries, Inc.), Phosphorus-containing nitrogen compounds as flame retardants and synthetic resins containing them, U.S. Patent, 1988 4 742 088. 

Lin, C. H. and Wang, C. S., Novel phosphorus-containing epoxy resins part 1 Synthesis and properties, Polymer, 2001, 42, 1869-1878. 

Horold, S. and Kleiner, H. J., (Clariant GmbH), Phosphorus-containing dicarboxylic reaction product of epoxy resins and phosphorus acid (anhydride) with hardener, U.S. Patent, 1999 5 959 043. 

Lin, C. H., Synthesis of novel phosphorus-containing cyanate esters and their curing reaction with epoxy resin, Polymer, 2004, 45, 7911-7926. 

Perez, R. M., Sandler, J. K. W., Altstaedt, V., Hoffmann, T., Pospiech, D., Artner, J., Ciesielski, M., Doering, M., Balabanovich, A. I., Knoll, U., Braun, U., and Schartel, B., Novel phosphorus-containing hardeners with tailored chemical structures for epoxy resins Synthesis and cured resin properties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2007,105, 2744-2759. 

Ren, H., Sun, J., Wu, B., and Zhou, Q., Synthesis and properties of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant epoxy resin based on bisphenoxy(3-hydroxy) phenyl phosphine oxide, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2007, 92, 956-961. 

Wang CS, Lin CH. Synthesis and properties of phosphorus-containing epoxy resins by novel method. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 1999 37 3903-3909. 

Liu YL. Flame-retardant epoxy resins from novel phosphorus-containing novolac. Polymer 2001 42 3445-3454. 

Harold, S. and Schmitz, H.-P., Phosphorus-modified Epoxy Resins Comprising Epoxy Resins and Phosphorus-containing Compounds, U.S. Patent 5,830,973, 1998. 

Table 6. Values of separation factor for different metal ions on phosphorus-containing ion-exchange resins, in equinormal solutions of sodium chloride, and metal ion...

Phosphorus-containing Ring Systems. - A range of new chiral oxazaphospholidine oxides 266 and 267 have been synthesised and used as catalysts in asymmetric reductions of ketones with diborane. Mannich-type cyclisation reactions of 5-amino-3-benzylthio-4-cyano(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrazoles with dichlorophenylphosphine and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of cation exchange resin have been used to prepare a number of 6-oxo-6-phospha-4,5,6-trihydroimidazolo[l,2-b]pyrazoles, e.g. 268. Some of these compounds have herbicidal activity and this report is typical of a number of similar ones in the Chinese literature. A number of metallocycles, e.g. 269, have been reported as products from reactions of transient zirconocene-benzyne intermediates with phosphaimines followed by sulfuration or selenation. ... 

In addition to using these phosphorus-containing ester compounds in synthetic polymer formulations, these esters, when converted to their corresponding amides, are effective in ami noplast resin formulations, particularly those suitable for imbedding the additive on cotton. 

Very recently Papa and Critchfield El9 7 described the prepara tion of foams based on a resole resin containing a high ortho-methylol content and a blend of quasi prepolymer of tolylene diiso cyanate, a phosphorus-containing polyol and polymeric isocyanate containing a minor portion of tris-(2-chloro-ethyl) phosphate. 

Chelating Resins With Phosphorus-Containing Pendant Groups... 

TABLE 8.1. Conditions for MNP Synthesis by ion impiantation into Poiyvinyiidene Fiuoride (PVF2), Polyimide (PI), Polymethyl-methacryiate (PMMA), Poiymethyimethacryiate with Phosphorus-Containing Fragments (PMMA -1- PF), Polyethylene (PE), Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET), Silicone Polymer (Phenylmethyl-silane Resin with Tin Diethyidicaprilate), Epoxy Polycarbonate (PC), and Polyetherimide (PEI) ... 

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