Phosphoric acid naming

The acid HIO4 is known as periodic or mefaperiodic acid, whereas H5IO6 is known as orthopedodic acid or sometimes paraiodic acid. The prefixes have nothing to do with their usual meaning in organic chemistry. Note the similarity to the phosphoric acid names (see Chapter 13). 

Weak acids other than carbonic that, together with their salts, are used as buffers include acetic and boric acids. The sodium and potassium salts of phosphoric acid, namely mono- and di-potassium (or sodium) phosphate are also very commonly used buffers in the laboratory and greenhouse. Neither strongly dissociated acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric, nor strongly dissociated bases, such as sodium and potassium, act as buffers. Stated another way, it is the acids that have low active acidity but high potential acidity that are suitable for use as buffers. Likewise, the bases must have low active basicity and high potential basicity. 

Nomenclature. (Review Appendix II.) (a) HNO3 is the formula for nitric acid write the formulas for nitrous acid and lead nitrate, (b) HjP04 is the formula for phosphoric acid name the acids HjPOslHgPHOs) and H3PO2 (HPH3O2). (c) Name Mg(Cl04)2. (d) HBrOj is the formula for bromic acid write the formulas for perbromic and hypobromous acids. 

Phosphogypsum [13397-24-5] is the name given to the by-product gypsum residue when phosphate ore is acidulated to extract phosphoric acid. There are several processes commercially used. AH of them digest or acidulate tri-calcium phosphate. 

Chemical Name N,N,0-tris-(/3-chloroethyl)-N -(7-hydroxy-n-propyl)-phosphoric acid ester diamide... 

Therapeutic Function Estrogen Chemical Name Estradiol phosphate polymer Common Name Polymeric ester of phosphoric acid and estradiol Structural Formula r... 

This reaction shows that the hydrated oxide SiCV-xHjO is acidic, since it reacts with a base-As we mentioned earlier, phosphorus can be found in four different oxidation states. The hydroxides of the +1, +3, and +5 states of phosphorus are hypophosphorous acid, H3P02, phosphorous acid, H3P03, and phosphoric acid, H3P04. Their structures are shown in Figure 20-4. As suggested by their names, these compounds are distinctly acidic, and are of moderate strength. The equilibrium constant for the first ionization of each acid is approximately 10-2 hypophosphorous acid ... 

Soap is a salt made by reacting animal fats with lye, another name for a solution of sodium hydroxide in water. In the 1800s, the need for soap as the population expanded created a demand for sodium hydroxide. Thus, sodium hydroxide was another early product of the chemical industry. Other washing compounds can be made by treating phosphoric acid (or boric acid)... 

Zinc phosphate cement, as its name implies, is composed principally of zinc and phosphate. It is formed by mixing a powder, which is mainly zinc oxide, with a solution based on phosphoric acid. However, it is not as simple chemically as it appears because satisfactory cements caimot be formed by simply mixing zinc oxide with phosphoric acid solution. 

Ans. The first is the name of the element the second is the name of the acid with fewer oxygen atoms than phosphoric acid—H-,PO, phosphorous acid. 

The most important acid containing phosphorus is orthophosphoric acid, H3P04. This is the acid usually indicated when the name phosphoric acid is used in most contexts. Approximately 30 billion pounds of this acid are produced annually. The commercial form of the acid is usually a solution containing 85% acid. The process used to produce phosphoric acid is related to the intended use of the acid. If the acid is intended for use in foods, it is prepared by burning phosphorus and dissolving the product in water. 

CFB (1) [Chemische Fabrik Budenheim] A process for removing cadmium from phosphoric acid by extracting with a solution of a long-chain amine in a hydrocarbon. Developed and operated by the German company of that name. 

DEPA-TOPO [di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and trioctylphosphine oxide] A process for recovering uranium from wet-process phosphoric acid, by solvent extraction with a mixture of the two named reagents. Developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and first commercialized in 1978 by Freeport Minerals Corporation and Wyoming Mineral Corporation. 

Jacobs-Dorr An alternative name for the Dorr-01iver process for making phosphoric acid, adopted since the technology was acquired by the Jacobs Company in 1974. Twenty seven plants were operating in 1989. 

Progil One of the thermal processes for making phosphoric acid. The phosphorus pentox-ide, produced by burning elemental phosphorus, is absorbed in a solution of sodium phosphate the heat of combustion is partially used in concentrating this solution. Invented by, and named after, Progil SA. 

Polymerization of propylene is catalyzed by phosphoric acid distributed as a thin film on quartz particles. An empirical equation is proposed (Langlois Walkey, Petroleum Refiner, p 29, August 1942) for this conversion, namely,... 

The ester group is then hydrolysed, and the hydrolysis normally stops at the MePO(OH)2 stage. More vigorous conditions are required to rupture the Me—P bond. Thus the normal hydrolysis product of D.F.P. and of tabun, namely, phosphoric acid, will give a positive test with ammonium molybdate, whereas the product from sarin, namely, methylphosphonic acid, will not respond to this test. Vigorous reagents such as hot nitric acid and ammonium persulphate will break the C—P link and then a positive test for phosphate is obtained with ammonium molybdate. Sarin can be prepared in a variety of ways. Three... 

CZE has been employed for the analysis of another set of dyes in foodstuffs. The chemical structures, numbers and names of the dyes included in the investigation are listed in Fig. 3.142. A fused-silica capillary column of 57 cm length (50 cm effective length 75 jum i.d.) was employed for the separations. The capillary was conditioned by 1.0 M NaOH for 20 min followed by 10 min wash with water and 10 min wash with the running buffer. The buffer was prepared by adding NaOH to 10 mM phosphoric acid to reach pH 11.0. The capillary was thermostated at 25°C and the separation voltage was 20 kV. A hydrodynamic injection mode was applied (0.5 psi, 4 s, 21 nl) and spectra of... 

The beginning of modeling of polymer-electrolyte fuel cells can actually be traced back to phosphoric-acid fuel cells. These systems are very similar in terms of their porous-electrode nature, with only the electrolyte being different, namely, a liquid. Giner and Hunter and Cutlip and co-workers proposed the first such models. These models account for diffusion and reaction in the gas-diffusion electrodes. These processes were also examined later with porous-electrode theory. While the phosphoric-acid fuel-cell models became more refined, polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells began getting much more attention, especially experimentally. 

Enols and enolization feature prominently in some of the basic biochemical pathways (see Chapter 15). Biochemists will be familiar with the terminology enol as part of the name phosphoenolpyruvate, a metabolite of the glycolytic pathway. We shall here consider it in non-ionized form, i.e. phosphoenolpyruvic acid. As we have already noted (see Section 10.1), in the enolization between pyruvic acid and enolpyruvic acid, the equilibrium is likely to favour the keto form pyruvic acid very much. However, in phosphoenolpyruvic acid the enol hydroxyl is esterified with phosphoric acid (see Section 7.13.2), effectively freezing the enol form and preventing tautomerism back to the keto form. 

For the extraction of sulfates and total sulfur a suitable acid and reducing agent, such as tin(II)-phosphoric acid (the Kiba solution of Sasaki et al. 1979) is needed. The direct thermal reduction of sulfate to SO2 has been described by Holt and Engelkemeier (1970) and Coleman and Moore (1978). Ueda and Sakai (1984) described a method in which sulfate and sulfide disseminated in rocks are converted to SO2 and H2S simultaneously, but analyzed separately. With the introduction of on-line combustion methods (Giesemann et al. 1994), multistep off-line preparations can be reduced to one single preparation step, namely the combustion in an elemental analyzer. Sample preparations have become less dependent on possibly fractionating wet-chemical extraction steps and less time-consuming. 

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