Phonetics

Sejnowski and Rosenberg used two different sets of words for training (1) 1024 words taken from phonetic transcriptions of informal continuous speech by children and (2) a subset of the 1000 most commonly used words selected from Miriam Webster s Pocket Dictionary. NETtalk was trained on a DEC VAX 11/780 minicomputer. 

Finally, it is interesting to compare NETtalk s skills with the skills of commercially available text-to-speech systems such as DECtalk. Unlike NETtalk, DECtalk uses both extensive (and labor intensive) look up tables that store the phonetic transcription of common and not so common words and sets of phonological rules for words not in its main look up table. While DECtalk performs undeniably better than NETtalk, the comparison is not really a fair one. DECtalk is a combined r sult of many years worth of careful linguistic analysis and codification. NETtalk, on the other hand, is a self-contained. system that (in the span of a few hours worth of DEC VAX CPU time) can learn enough on its own from a set of simple examples to be both intelligible and accurate. 

On addition of boron trichloride, dropwise, to methanol an explosion and fire resulted. The academic reporter appears unaware that reaction of these was reported in 1834, and attributes the explosion to water in his methanol. Since the chloride is a gas, ability to add it dropwise is puzzling. Had a phonetic error meant PC13 was employed the fire would be intelligible, since phosphine would be formed as a pyrophoric byproduct. 

To support your assertion, you will need to discuss the poem s content, structure, and style. But that s only part of the task. In addition to telling the readers why you think what you do about the poem, you also need to show them the evidence that led you to your conclusion. Thus, you can tell readers that the poem suggests loss by the repetition of the short i sound, known as a phonetic intensive, in line 4 (thin, splinter, singing). You can also explain how metaphor is used to emphasize the same theme, and show evidence by quoting the last line, which describes the voice of the last cricket by comparing it to a thin splinter. 

Ideally, every organic substance should have a completely descriptive, systematic name to permit only one structural formula to be written for it. This ideal has been approached closely in some of the current nomenclature systems but, unfortunately, truly systematic nomenclature for very complicated compounds is often hopeless for conversational or routine scripto-rial purposes. As a result, we will at times resort to using (common) trivial names, especially if it is impractical to do otherwise. Clearly, the description 9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-l-cyclohexenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-J-ol has phonetic disadvantages as a handy name for vitamin A ... 

Chang, Hao. Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements Characters Combining Radical and Phonetic Elements. Chemistry International, January-February 2004. 

Figure I shows how we write "Symposium on the Taste of Foods" in Japanese. The first example is simply the phonetic transliteration of the word Symposium written in "Katakana", a kind of Japanese traditional script. The next two Chinese characters are pronounced "shokuhin" and mean "food", the last character is "aji" which means "taste" or "flavor", our common interest. The character between than is "no" in "Hiragana", another kind of Japanese traditional script, and means "of".

Anyway, let me tell you how I did my little analytical work on these words. Since Chinese is picture writing, the character for "aji" can be separated into two components. The left one is simply a square, meaning mouth. The other half is considered to be phonetically equivalent to "mi" or "bi" which means "beauty" or "goodness". Therefore the composition of the character for "aji" indicates that taste is primarily "good to mouth", namely, palatable, delicious, and tasty. In this sense, I heartily agree with Dr. Boudreau who wisely pointed out that "umami" should be counted as a basic taste. 

Harshman, R.A., Foundations of the PARAFAC procedure, UCLA Working Paper on Phonetics, 16, 1-84, 1970. 

Plant names seemed difficult to remember, but they had specific rules. As noticed in the previous recipe, the classification of a plant was usually by one word composed of several phonemes or the smallest sound units which, in terms of the phonetic sequences of sound, controls meaning. Indeed, the simplest classification was by using two phonemes, quite similar to the current classification by genus and... 

Levin, I., and Tolchinsky Landsmann, L. (1989). Becoming literate referential and phonetic strategies in early reading and writing. International Journal of... 

There is confusion in the literature because of the North American usage of the name niacin to mean specifically nicotinic acid, whereas the amide is known as niacinamide. The name niacin was coined in the late 1940s when the role of deficiency in the etiology of pellagra was realized, and it was decided that dietary staples should be fortified with the vitamin. It was felt that nicotinic acid was not a suitable name for a substance that was to be added to foods, both because of its phonetic (and chemical) relationship to nicotine and because it is an acid. 

We have shown, in the first part of this contribution, how the ring current concept was classically associated with the notion of aromaticity. To be consistent with our earlier discussion, we have introduced the concept of potential strobilism to describe the phenomena which are measured by all the magnetic properties of matter in the case of cyclic molecules which are the seat of a ir-electron delocalization, that is of a ring current. This new term is not very pleasing phonetically but it has the merit of deriving from a striking image ... 

It is therefore essential that expertise is available and appropriately tasked to undertake a command and control role in ensuring that there is a coordinated and focused response. It is essential to ensure that those involved in the relief effort are appropriately trained in the use of a wide variety of communications systems and can use with confidence accepted protocols for passing information accurately, for example the International Phonetic Alphabet. 

Lambert BL, Lin SJ, Chang KY, Gandhi SK. Similarity as a risk factor in drug-name confusion errors The look-alike (orthographic) and sound-alike (phonetic) model. Med Care 1999 37 1214-25. 

Thus far we have considered the variations of alphabetization of Roman letters. Since Cyrillic characters differ so greatly from the Roman, and those that do resemble Roman letters often have an entirely different phonetic value, it appears desirable here to limit ourselves to transliterated words. The experts in Russian should have no difficulty with Russian indexes. 

When checking on the availability of a proposed trade-mark one must also check its phonetic analogs. A number of commercial service organizations perform searches for trade-mark availability. 

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