Phenols and phenolic compounds

Uses Methyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a slight alcoholic odor. It is used in the synthesis of formaldehyde, methylamine, ethylene glycol, methacrylates, and as an industrial solvent for a number of products (e.g., inks, resins, adhesives, dyes for straw hats). Methyl alcohol is an important ingredient commonly used to prepare grease and dirt remover. It also is used in the manufacture of photographic films, plastics, celluloid, textile soaps, wood stains, coated fabrics, paper coatings, artificial leather, and other industrial products. 

Propyl Alcohol (n-Propyl Alcohol, 1-Proponal, Isopropyl Alcohol, Isoproponal, 2-Proponal) 

Uses Propyl alcohol has two isomers, namely, n-Propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. These alcohols have extensive use in a variety of industries (e.g., manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, cosmetics, skin lotions, hair topics, mouthwashes, liquid soaps). It also is used in lacquers, dental lotions, polishers, and surgical antiseptics. 

Toxicity Propyl alcohol is not known to cause toxicity to animals and humans unless it is used improperly. Propyl alcohol vapor in high concentrations causes mild irritation to eyes, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and CNS depression.111 

Cresol (Cresylic Acid, Cresylol, Hydroxytoluene, Methyl Phenol, Oxytoluene, Tricresol) 

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Deichmann WB, Keplinger ML. 1981. Phenols and phenolic compounds. In Clayton GD, Clayton FE, eds. Patty s industrial hygiene and toxicology, 3rd ed. New York, NY John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2567-2627. 

Since phenol is benzene with a hydroxyl group, the reactivity of phenol and phenolic compounds is in many ways dictated by the chemical properties of the benzene ring. The first property to consider is acidity. A compound is considered an acid when it can release a proton (H ) while in solution. The acid constant Ka of a compound defines to what extent the proton is released. Strong acids will completely dissociate, whereas weak acids (HA) are at equilibrium with their dissociated state ... 

J. Svitel and S. Miertus, Development of tyrosinase based biosensor and its application for monitoring of bioremediation of phenol and phenolic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998) 828-832. 

Isocyanates Aromatic hydrocarbons Phenols and phenolic compounds Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons Aromatic amines... 

Polyamide precoated plates are currently used for the separation of phenols and phenolic compounds (i.e., anthocyanins, anthoxanthines, anthroquinone derivatives, and flavones) using solvents of different elution strength (DMF > formamide > acetone > methanol > water). Such eluents and solutes compete for the hydrogen bonds with the peptide groups of the polyamide. 

Lake Plussee (Muenster, in preparation) is a eutrophic hardwater lake of the Plon lake district. During the summer, concentrations of dissolved combined phenolic compounds oscillate drastically over short periods of time (as shown in Fig. 17 for epilimnetic waters), although DOC concentrations (measured as COD in glucose-carbon equivalents) were much more stable. Fluctuations in combined phenolic compounds correlate poorly with phytoplankton standing crop (Fig. 17, lowermost panel). Thus, distribution patterns of free phenols and phenolic compounds may result primarily from abiotic factors (e.g., photolysis, allochthonous inputs by rainstorms, or adsorption onto autochthonous calcite) or biotic ones other than release by phytoplankton (e.g., biodegradation after photolysis). These processes, which have not yet been quantified, obviously influence the upper water layers most, since absolute concentrations of phenolic compounds (as well as oscillations within the concentrations) are significantly lower in the deeper-water layers. Perhaps many of the phenols in the deeper strata occur in a particulate state, adsorbed onto sedimentary matter. Alternatively, total phenolic concentrations are really lower in the deeper strata if true, the reasons remain obscure. 

The adsorption of phenol and phenolic compounds is by far the most studied of aU liquid-phase applications of carbon adsorbents [1]. This is because phenol is used as a model aromatic molecule and has been declared a priority pollutant. Therefore, this chapter devotes more attention to the adsorption of phenol and substituted phenols than to the adsorption of other organic solutes. 

Maga J.A. (1978a) Simple phenol and phenolic compounds in food flavor. CRC Crit Rev Food Teclmol. 10, 323-72. 

Polyamide-precoated plates are currently used for the separation of phenols and phenolic compounds (i.e., antho-cyanins, anthoxanthins, anthraquinone derivatives, and... 

Maga, J. A., Amines in foods, CRC Critical Rev. Food Technol Nutr., 10, p. 373,1978b. Maga, J.A., Simple phenols and phenolic compounds in food flavor, CRC Critical Rev. Food Technol. Nutr., 10, p. 323, 1978a. 

Ch. II., The Constituents of Essential Oils and Synthetic Perfume Bodies. — Hydrocarbons—Sesquiterpenes —Alcohols—Terpene Alcohols—Esters— Aldehydes—Ketones— Phenols and Phenolic Compounds—Oxides and Lactones— Nitrogen Compounds — Sulphur Compound—Free Acids. 

Roby, M., M. Atef Sarhan, K. A. Selim, and K. I. Khalel. 2013. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Ind. Crops Prod. 43(1) 827-831. 

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