Tyrosinase-based biosensors

J. Svitel and S. Miertus, Development of tyrosinase based biosensor and its application for monitoring of bioremediation of phenol and phenolic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998) 828-832. 

Endocrine disruptors A simple amperometric tyrosinase-based biosensor (Tyr-CPE) has been developed for the detection of phenolic EDCs EDCs 15... 

Tyrosinase-based biosensor. See also Section VI.A.2. Voltammehic detection. 

Montereali MR, Seta LD, Vastarella W, Pilloton R (2010) A disposable Laccase-Tyrosinase based biosensor for amperometric detection of phenolic compounds in must and wine. J Mol Catal B Enzym 64(3-4) 189-194... 

W.R. Everett and G.A. Rechnitz, Mediated bioelectrocatalytic determination of organophosphorus pesticides with a tyrosinase-based oxygen biosensor. Anal. Chem. 70, 807-810 (1998). 

In addition to a family of SODs, several other kinds of enzymes and proteins, including tyrosinase [87], galactose oxidase [87], hemin, and cytochrome c (Cyt. c), have been employed to construct enzyme-based biosensors for the O2 determination. Here, we will use Cyt. c as an example to illustrate the analytical mechanism of such a kind of 02 biosensors. For constructing a Cyt. c-based biosensor, Cyt. c is normally inunobilized on the electrode surface and acts as an electron transfer mediator between the electrode and 02. The O2 radical reduces the immobilized Cyt. c (Fe(lll)) to Cyt. c (Fe(II)) and the Cyt. c (Fe(ll)) is reoxidized on the electrode at a potential of... 

Fig. 4 Diagrammatic representation of the enzyme electrode (A) and thin layer chromatographic cell (B). Reprinted from K. R. Rogers, J. Y. Becker and J. Cembrano, Improved selective electrocatalytic oxidation of phenols by tyrosinase-based carbon paste electrode biosensor, Electrochim. Acta, 2000, 45, 4373—4379, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier.

A working electrode modified with AuNPs, CNTs, and/or graphene, for example, enables the DET between electrode surface and enzyme active site. The latter is an advantage, since some enzymes, eg, metalloproteins, °° ° such as Tyrosinase (lyr) (E.C. 1.14.18.1), are unable to oxidize or reduce at any potential because their redox center is encapsulated in the enzyme s tridimensional structure. Nanomaterials, on the other hand, are capable of redncing the electron tunneling distance and consequently enabling the DET. io Janegitz and co-workers describe a Tyr-based biosensor immobilized on boron-doped diamond electrode modified with AuNPs, in which DET was observed between Tyr and the modified electrode. ... 

ElKaoutit M, Naranjo-Rodriguez 1, Temsamani KR, De La Vega MD, De Cisneros JLHH (2007) Dual laccase - tyrosinase based sonogel-carbon biosensor for monitoring polyphenols in beers. J Agric Food Chem 55(20) 8011-8018... 

Enzyme-based biosensors have been used also for the detection of phenolic estrogens. The detection principle was based on the ability of tyrosinase to catalyze the oxidation of phenolic estrogens to o-diphenol and o-quinone. Using this principle tyrosinase-carbon paste electrodes have been used for the detection of phenol, catechol, bisphenol A, genistein, quercetin, nonylphenol, and diethylstilbestrol with detection levels in the micromolar range.Optical and amperometric biosensors based on estrogen receptors have also been developed. 

Wang J, Chen L (1995) Hydrazine detection using a tyrosinase-based inhibition biosensor. Anal Chem 67 3824-3827... 

Wang J, Lu F, Kane SA, Choi YK, Smyth MR, Rogers K (1997) Hydrocarbon pasting liquids for improved tyrosinase-based carbon-paste phenol biosensors. Electroanalysis 9 1102-1109... 

Improved stability of tyrosinase-based BDD biosensor was reported by Zhi s group.They combined chemical and electrochemical modifications of BDD film with 4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate to produce aminophenyl-modified BDD, followed by immobilizing tyrosinase covalently at the BDD surface via carbodiimide coupling. They used this sensor for detection of phenol, p-cresol, and 4-CP and reported 90 % of its original activity after intermittent use for 5 weeks. In all mentioned studies on tyrosinase-based BDD aminosensor no applications on analysis of model or real matrices are presented. 

Z.J. Liu, B.H. Liu, J.L. Kong, and J.Q. Deng, Probing trace phenols based on mediator-free alumina sol-gel-derived tyrosinase biosensor. Anal. Chem. 72, 4707-4712 (2000). 

J. Yu and H.X. Ju, Pure organic phase phenol biosensor based on tyrosinase entrapped in a vapor deposited titania sol-gel membrane. Electroanalysis 16, 1305-1310 (2004). 

Additives such as polyethylene glycol, cationic antibiotics, polymers, small uncharged molecules, and negatively charged proteins have been used extensively in order to avoid the denaturing of enzymes or to improve the sensitivity and operational stability of biosensors. DNA has been proposed as an additive to improve the response and stability of biosensors based on CP. The biomolecules studied, such as tyrosinase [93], peroxidase [94], cytochrome C [95], have been shown to improve its performance by using adsorbed DNA within CP as an additive. 

V. Carralero Sanz, M.L. Mena, A. Gonzalez-Cortes, P. Yanez-Sedeno and J.M. Pingarron, Development of a tyrosinase biosensor based on gold nanoparticles-modified glassy carbon electrodes. Application to the measurement of a bioelectrochemical polyphenols index in wines, Anal. Chim. Acta, 528(1) (2005) 1-8. 

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