Phenobarbital Acetaminophen

Much of the evidence, however, is based on prolonged plasma half-lives of drugs that are metabolized totally or mainly by hepatic micrasomal enzymes (e.g antipyrine, phenobarbital, acetaminophen). In evaluating the effect of age on drug metabolism, one must differentiate between normal" loss of enzymatic activity with aging and the effect of a disea.sed iiver from hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc., plus decreased renal function, becau.se much of the water-soluble conjugation products are excreted in the liver. 

Van Eden W (1991) Heat-shock proteins as immunogenic bacterial antigens with the potential to induce and regulate autoimmune arthritis. Immunol Rev 121 5-28 Waalkes MP, Goering PL (1990) Metallothionein and other cadmium-binding proteins recent developments. Chem Res Toxicol 3 281-288 Waalkes MP, Ward JM (1989) Induction of hepatic metallothionein in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to hepatic tumor promoters effects of phenobarbital, acetaminophen, sodium barbital, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 100 217-226... 

Proceeding along a parallel track, Guillory and coworkers used DTA analysis to study complexation phenomena [2]. Through the performance of carefully designed studies, they were able to prove the existence of association complexes and deduced the stoichiometries of these. In this particular work, phase diagrams were developed for 2 1 deoxycholic acid-menadione, 1 1 quinine-phenobarbital, 2 1 theophylline-phenobarbital, 1 1 caffeine-phenobar-bital, and 1 1 atropine-phenobarbital. The method was also used to prove that no complexes were formed between phenobarbital and aspirin, phenacetin, diphenylhydantoin, and acetaminophen. 

Drugs that may affect lamotrigine include acetaminophen, carbamazepine, folate inhibitors, oral contraceptives, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, rifamycins, succinimides, and valproic acid. 

Drugs that can decrease carbamazepine serum levels include charcoal, cisplatin, doxorubicin, felbamate, hydantoins, rifampin, phenobarbital, primidone, theophylline. The serum levels of oral contraceptives, haloperidol, bupropion, anticoagulants, felbamate, valproic acid, felodipine, tricyclic antidepressants, acetaminophen, ziprasidone, voriconazole, topiramate, tiagabine, olanzapine, and lamotrigine can be lowered by carbamazepine. 

Others Acetaminophen, amiodarone, carbamazepine, delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine, quinidine, repaglinide, sildenafil, tadalafil, trazodone, vardenafil Amiodarone, amprenavir, atazanavir, ciprofloxacin, cisapride, clarithromycin, diltiozem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, grapefruit juice (in high ingestion), indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, norfloxacin, ritonavir, telithromycin, troleandomycin, verapamil, voriconazole Carbamazepine, efavirenz, glucocorticoids, macrolide antibiotics, nevirapine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, rifabutin, rifapentine, rifampin, St. John s wort... 

Pirotte JH. Apparent potentiation of hepatotoxicity from small doses of acetaminophen by phenobarbital. Ann Intern Med 1984 101 403. 

Kostrubsky SE, Sinclair JF, Strom SC, et al. Phenobarbital and phenytoin increased acetaminophen hepatotoxicity due to inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyl transferases in cultured human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2005 87 146-155. 

Hanzlick R. 1995. National association of medical examiners pediatric toxicology (pedtox) registry report 3 case submission summary and data for acetaminophen, benzene, carboxyhemoglobin, dextromethorphan, ethanol, phenobarbital, and pseudoephedrine. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 16 (4) 270-277. 

Cross reactivity (S22I) At a concentration of 1000 mg/1 in serum the following compounds increased the apparent value for a 30 mg/1 phenobarbital control by < 20% acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, carbamazep-ine, diazepam, ethosuximide, fluphenazine, hexabarbital, indomethacin, meprobamate, methaqualone, methsuximide, methyprylon, phenylbutazone, phensuximide, theophylline, and valproic acid. 

Decreased effect with acetaminophen, primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine... 

CYP2A6 <5 1-2 Acetaminophen Carbamazepi ne Cyclophosphamide Selegiline Flunitrazepam Nicotine Clotrimazole Isoniazid Methoxypsoralen Valproic acid Dexamethasone Phenobarbital Rifampin... 

French) (109-60-4) see propyl acetate. ACETATE SALICYCLIC ACID (50-78-2) C9Hj04 Combustible solid. An organic acid. Powder or dust forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 482°F/250°C). Reacts wit strong oxidizers, strong acids, strong bases. Contact with alkali hydroxides or carbonates may cause decomposition. Incompatible with acetanilide, acetaminophen, some alcohols, aliphatic amines alkanolamines, alkylene oxides amidopyrine, amines, ammonia, caustics, epichlorohydrin, hexamine, iron salts isocyanates, phenozone, phenobarbital sodium potassium iodide quinine salts sodium iodide stearates. Slowly hydrolyzes in moist air. On small fires, use AFFF,... 

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