Pharmacokinetics basic principles

The basic principles outlined above can be applied to the interpretation of clinical drug concentration measurements on the basis of three major pharmacokinetic variables absorption, clearance, and volume of distribution (and the derived variable, half-life) and two pharmacodynamic variables maximum effect attainable in the target tissue and the sensitivity of the tissue to the drug. Diseases may modify all of these parameters, and the ability to predict the effect of disease states on pharmacokinetic parameters is important in properly adjusting dosage in such cases. (See The Target Concentration Strategy.)... 

Pharmacodynamics is the analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect. In this text, the basic principles of pharmacokinetics will be outlined in Chapters 2 and 3, and the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of specific drugs will be discussed in their respective chapters. 

Mangoni AA, Jackson SH. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics basic principles and practical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 57 6-14. 

Levin AA, Yu RZ, Geary RS. Basic Principles of the Pharmacokinetics Of antisense Oligonucleotide drugs. In Crooke ST, ed. Antisense Drug Technology. New York Dekker, 2007. 

Having assessed liver function, you need to go back to basic principles of pharmacokinetics what does the liver normally do and what types of dysfunction may affect drug handling In Chapter 5 we have incorporated the theory with practical advice that you can apply to a patient. Chapter 6 considers the impact of a drug s side-effect profile on a patient with liver dysfunction. 

In this article the basic principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will be addressed, and examples of how these principles can be used to increase the understanding of drug therapy and drug dosage formulation are given. 

To assess release characteristics, one would require to determine BA and/or bioequivalence (BE) characteristics of a product. Both BA and BE areas are subdisciplines of pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, one would require to have some familiarity with the basic principle of pharmacokinetics. For the purpose of this article, the necessary pharmacokinetic concepts are described below. For further details see Refs. f... 

In the case of remifentanil it was also proved that, as predicted by the basic principles used in soft drug design, the possibility of drug interactions could be minimized by building metabolic considerations into the structure. Clearance, volume of distribution, and terminal half-life data indicated that coadministration of esmolol has no significant (P < 0.05) effect on the pharmacokinetics (or pharmacodynamics) of remifentanil in rats, despite both drugs being metabolized by nonspecific esterases (99,100). 

Sheiner LB, Tozer TN (1978) Clinical pharmacokinetics The use of plasma concentration in drugs. In Melmon KL, Morelli HP (eds), Clinical Pharmacology Basic Principles of Therapeutics. Macmillan, New York, pp. 71-109. 

After an introduction to basic principles, the book is divided into sections that cover industrial and regulatory applications, clinical applications, and research applications. A panel of experts provide extensive background for each subspeciality. Covering the many subdisciplines and providing pharmacokinetic concepts, terminology, and approaches. Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery and Development serves as a resource for professionals throughout this field. 

With the expansion of pharmacokinetics, it has become exceedingly difficult for any one individual to become a full-fledged expert in all areas. Consequently, this book was devised to summarize pertinent areas in the field and to provide a reference for further study. The book is divided into four sections I, Basic Principles II, Industrial and Regulatory Applications III, Clinical Applications and IV, Research Applications. In each chapter, an expert provides extensive details about the subspecialty, with an emphasis on the theme or focus of that section. 

Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Disposition Basic Principles and Applications addresses each of these areas through a series of chapters authored by eminent scientists well versed in the application of contemporary mass spectrometry techniques to problems in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, with an emphasis on issues in drug discovery and development. The reader cannot help but be impressed by the capabilities of the current generation of LC—MS/MS instruments, which provide a combination of sensitivity, specificity, versatility, and speed of analysis that was difficult to envisage only a few years ago, and whieh have transformed the way drug metabolism studies are conducted. One ean only wonder what lies in the years ahead ... 

Pharmacokinetic Principles of Dosing Adjustments Understanding the Basics... 

R. D. Schoenwald. Pharmacokinetic Principles of Dosing Adjustments Understanding the Basics. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 2001. 

Prior to discussing individual drug delivery system/technology based on the design principles, the basic concepts of pharmacokinetics and biological barriers to drug delivery are outlined in the first two chapters. 

The explanation of the pharmacokinetics or toxicokinetics involved in absorption, distribution, and elimination processes is a highly specialized branch of toxicology, and is beyond the scope of this chapter. However, here we introduce a few basic concepts that are related to the several transport rate processes that we described earlier in this chapter. Toxicokinetics is an extension of pharmacokinetics in that these studies are conducted at higher doses than pharmacokinetic studies and the principles of pharmacokinetics are applied to xenobiotics. In addition these studies are essential to provide information on the fate of the xenobiotic following exposure by a define route. This information is essential if one is to adequately interpret the dose-response relationship in the risk assessment process. In recent years these toxicokinetic data from laboratory animals have started to be utilized in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to help extrapolations to low-dose exposures in humans. The ultimate aim in all of these analyses is to provide an estimate of tissue concentrations at the target site associated with the toxicity. 

Before considering the pharmacology of any particular class of drugs, it is important to understand the basic underlying principles of drug action. The following two chapters in this section will deal with an important subject traditionally covered in the area of pharmacology known as pharmacokinetics (i.e., time-related factors such... 

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