Pharmacokinetic principles

Employ pharmacokinetic principles when calculating drug doses in CF patients. 

Therapeutic drug monitoring The process of using drug concentrations, pharmacokinetic principles, and pharmacodynamic criteria to optimize drug therapy in individual patients. 

M Mayersohn. Special pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly. In WE Evans, JJ Schentag, WJ Jusko, eds. Applied Pharmacokinetics Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 3rd ed. Vancouver, WA Applied Therapeutics, 1992, pp. 9-1-9-43. 

Pharmacokinetic Principles of Dosing Adjustments Understanding the Basics... 

The use of prodrugs with higher lipophrlicity compared to the parent molecule is realized in the classical example of heroin and morphine. Heroin, the di-acetyl derivative of morphine, penetrates the BBB by one log order better than morphine and is cleaved by tissue esterases to release the active parent drug. As follows from fhe pharmacokinetic principles shown in Section 2.3.2.1 (Eq. 2.3), brain concentration is a function of bofh BBB permeability, reflected by and plasma area under the curve ... 

Bohler J, Donauer J, Keller F. Pharmacokinetic principles during continuous renal replacement therapy drugs and dosage. Kidney Int 1999 72 Suppl S24-8. 

Boroujerdi M. Pharmacokinetics. Principles and applications. New York (NY) McGraw-Hill 2001. 

The therapeutic outcome of topically applied agents used to control oral infections will depend on the characteristics of drugs that take advantage of the unique physiological and anatomical circumstances in the oral cavity. This section is a broad overview of important oral pharmacokinetic principles. 

Goodson JM. Pharmacokinetic principles controlling efficacy of oral fherapy. J Denf Res 1989 68(Special issue) 1625-1632. 

Milsap, R.L. and Szefler, S.J. (1986) Special pharmacokinetic considerations in children. In Evans, W.E., Schentag, J.J., and Jusko, W.J., eds. Applied Pharmacokinetics. Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Spokane, WA Applied Therapeutics, Inc., pp. 294-330. 

In the treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders clinicians have a wide variety of pharmacologic options beyond the antidepressants (Shader and Greenblatt, 1995 Lydiard et ah, 1996 Riddle et ah, 1999). The benzodiazepines (BZs), with their favorable safety profile and quick onset of action, are attractive alternatives for the treatment of acute anxiety. While the clinical effectiveness of buspirone has not been proven in children, buspirone is used alone or in combination with other drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The antihistamines are often used to treat insomnia and may reduce acute mild agitation. Zolpidem (Ambien) is occasionally used for its sedative properties. This chapter reviews the structure, proposed mechanisms of action, pharmacodynamic principles, and pharmacokinetic principles of these drugs. 

A brief review of pharmacokinetic principles will place the available data on gender differences in context. Bioavailability, which refers to the amount of drug eventually reaching the systemic circulation, is influenced by absorption, metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, and the hepatic first-pass effect. The impact of the first-pass effect is greater for drugs that have high hepatic... 

Mahmood, I.. Balian. J.D. The pharmacokinetic principles behind scaling from preclinical results to phase I protocols. Clin. Pharmacokbi. 36(1), 1-11, 1999. 

The methodology to predict the time course of drug concentration in plasma after administration is well described and well accepted as a pharmacokinetic principle. Today, pharmacokinetic principles are used routinely to estimate and manage dosing of medications for their safe and effective use. Such knowledge is useful not only in designing clinical trials for a new molecular entity, but also in day-to-day clinical practice (Box 5.1). 

In Chapter 3 we discuss the relevant pharmacokinetic principles, particularly as they apply to the treatment recommendations rendered throughout the text. 

Clinical Application of Pharmacokinetic Principles Single-Dose Predi,ctip,n,Te ... 

Pharmacokinetic principles, in addition to clinical factors such as the state of the patient, are utilized in determining dosage regimens. Factors that relate to the safety and efficacy of the drug, such as activity-toxicity relationships (therapeutic window and side effects), and pharmaceutical factors, such as dosage form and route of administration, must be considered.16... 

The association between low serum albumin concentrations and complications of prednisone has been long recognized, and it is an elementary pharmacokinetic principle that concentrations of unbound drug in plasma (the fraction that can reach the tissues) will be increased when binding of a drug to serum albumin is reduced (413). 

R. D. Schoenwald. Pharmacokinetic Principles of Dosing Adjustments Understanding the Basics. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 2001. 

Pharmacokinetic principles, which deal with the absorption, distribution, binding, biotrans-formation, and excretion of drugs and their metabolites in the body (Figure 1.1), are the topic of this chapter. 

As mentioned in Chapter 4, experiments have determined that the distribution of ASOs into tissues is nonlinear. This revelation invalidates the above BAV equation in that it is dependent on linear pharmacokinetics and the principle of superposition. A way to circumvent this problem is to decrease the drag input function (i.e., systemic presentation of the ASO) such that ASO plasma concentrations are maintained below the level at which saturation, and thus nonlinearity of the distribution processes, occurs. Drug administration by SC rather than IV administration has a reduced drug input rate and can produce such a scenario. The corresponding plasma-derived data are then suitable for the determination of absolute bioavailability - consistent with linear pharmacokinetic principles and the following equation ... 

Rohatagi S, Martin N, Barrett J (2004) Pharmacoki-netic/pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development. In Krishna R (ed) Applications of pharmacokinetic principles in drug development. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York... 

Boroujerdi M. Pharmacokinetics-Principles and Applications. New York McGraw-Hill Med. Publ. Div. 2002. 

Pons G, Rey E, Matheson I. Excretion of psychoactive drugs into breast milk. Pharmacokinetic principles and recommendations. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994 27(4) 270-89. 

Cobum WA, Heath G. Efficient and effective dmg development. In Applications of Pharmacokinetic Principles in Drag Development. Krishna R, ed. 2004. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. pp. 1—20. 

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