Pharmacokinetics concepts

Rowland M, Tozer TN (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics, concepts and applications. Baltimore, MD Williams Wilkins,... 

Rowland, M., Tozer, T. N., Clinical Pharmacokinetics Concepts and Applications, 3rd edition. Hppincott, Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 1994, p. 99. 

Rowland M, Tozer TN, Clinical Pharmacokinetics - Concepts and Applications. Williams and Wilkins, Media PA, 1995. 

The rate at which an equilibrium concentration of a drug is reached in the extracellular fluid of a particular tissue will depend on the tissue s perfusion rate the greater the blood flow the more rapid the distribution of the drug from the plasma into the interstitial fluid. Thus, a drug will appear in the interstitial fluid of liver, kidney, and brain more rapidly than it will in muscle and skin (Table 3.2). The pharmacokinetic concept of volume of distribution (a derived parameter that relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration) is discussed more fully in Chapter 5. 

Rowland, M. and Tozer, T.N. (1995) Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Concepts and Applications, 3rd ed. Media, PA Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 

Jones DR, Hall SD. Mechanism based inhibition of cytochrome P450 in vitro kinetics and in vitro-in vivo correlations. In Rodrigues AD, ed. Drug-Drug Interactions From Basic Pharmacokinetics Concepts to Marketing Issues. New York, NY Marcel Dekker, 2001. 

In this chapter, we have discussed the mechanisms of action of the major antidepressant drugs. The acute pharmacological actions of these agents on receptors and enzymes have been described, as well as the major hypothesis that attempts to explain how all current antidepressants ultimately work. That hypothesis is known as the neurotransmitter receptor hypothesis of antidepressant action. We have also introduced pharmacokinetic concepts relating to the metabolism of antidepressants and mood stabilizers by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. 

Pharmacokinetics Concepts and Applications, Iippincott Williams Wilkins, 1995. 

Pacifici GM, Nottoli R. Placental transfer of drugs administered to the mother. Clin Pharmacokinet Concepts 1995 28 235-69. 

Gepts E 1998 Pharmacokinetic concepts for TCI anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 53 (SI) 4-12 Harper N 2001 Inhalational anaesthetics. 

To assess release characteristics, one would require to determine BA and/or bioequivalence (BE) characteristics of a product. Both BA and BE areas are subdisciplines of pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, one would require to have some familiarity with the basic principle of pharmacokinetics. For the purpose of this article, the necessary pharmacokinetic concepts are described below. For further details see Refs. f... 

To facilitate the understanding of the pharmacokinetic concepts, the examples given previously are for the simplest and the most effective route of administration, that is, intravenous administration. When exposure is to toxic compounds (e.g., occupational or environmental exposure), however, other routes are frequently involved. These routes include respiratory, cutaneous, mucous, or oral uptake. In such cases, pharmacokinetic analyses are more complex since they should take into account the various processes responsible for the uptake of a xenobiotic. Usually, this consists of introducing into equations an additional term that contains a rate constant describing the uptake, operating in a direction opposite to, yet not conceptually different from the elimination rate constant. 

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