Pharmaceuticals protein-based polymer

The challenge is to purify microbially produced protein-based polymers to adequate levels for use as biomaterials. The pharmaceutical use of microbially prepared insulin requires that impurities be less than 10 parts per million (ppm). Repeated use of the phase separation property for purification results in a... 

Controlled Release of Pharmaceuticals by T,-type (Transductional) Protein-based Polymers... 

Thus, as shown in Figure E.7, a remarkable control of pharmaceutical release is possible. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical can vary all the way from a simple bare cation or anion to a protein or nucleic acid. Under favorable circumstances, as with carboxylate groups, the vehicle disappears as the pharmaceutical releases. With a cationic polymer such as a lysine-containing protein-based polymer, the chloride ion can displace the pharmaceutical to lessen the zero order release. Significantly, with elastic protein-based polymers, no fibrous capsule forms around the adequately purified polymer such that this does not affect the release process. 

For fabrication of biomimetic hydrogel for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, a range of synthetic and protein-based polymer scaffolds, such as albumin, collagen, gelatin, elastin, proteoglycan, hyaluronan, laminin, silk fibroin, soybean, fibrinogen, and fibrin have been widely used (Rajangam and An, 2013). 

Synthetic protein-like polymers containing amino acids find pharmaceutical and biological applications and display self-assembly properties [174], In this aspect, both ROMP and ADMET have been used as tools for the polymerization of amino acid-based monomers. Early ROMP examples date back to 1994 with the synthesis and ROMP of amino acid-derived homochiral norbomene monomers by Coles et al [175], The molybdenum complex [Mo(=CHCMe2Ph)(=NC6H3Pr,2-2,6)(OBu )2]... 

There seems to be no limit to the types of pharmaceutical systems that can be isolated in the amorphous state. In the literature, samples of sugars, acids, bases, polymers, buffers, inorganics, salts, natural products, proteins, and low-molecular-weight APIs have all been reported to exist in an amorphous form. Likewise, pharmaceutical raw materials, intermediates, and final products that include these amorphous materials are widespread and varied (Table 1). 

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a nondestructive technique that operates on the nanometre scale based on the elastic scattering of X-rays from structures that have long range order (i.e. an organised structure of some sort, e.g. periodicity, such as in a crystal or polymer). It can be used to identify and characterise a diverse range of materials, such as metals, minerals, polymers, catalysts, plastics, pharmaceuticals, proteins, thin-lihn coatings, ceramics and semiconductors. The two main types of XRD are X-ray crystallography and X-ray powder diffraction. 

Different classifications for the chiral CSPs have been described. They are based on the chemical structure of the chiral selectors and on the chiral recognition mechanism involved. In this chapter we will use a classification based mainly on the chemical structure of the selectors. The selectors are classified in three groups (i) CSPs with low-molecular-weight selectors, such as Pirkle type CSPs, ionic and ligand exchange CSPs, (ii) CSPs with macrocyclic selectors, such as CDs, crown-ethers and macrocyclic antibiotics, and (iii) CSPs with macromolecular selectors, such as polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, molecular imprinted polymers and proteins. These different types of CSPs, frequently used for the analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals, are discussed in more detail later. 

Polymer-based biomaterials are becoming increasingly important, whether they are used as medical supplies (pipes, catheters, bags), prostheses, or dental materials, or in a pharmaceutical context as drug conjugates [4, 7, 158-160], protein conjugates [6, 158, 159, 161], synthetic vectors [12, 14, 18, 162, 163], or as immuno-adjuvants [164, 165]. 

Industrialbiobased products have enormous potential in the chemical and material industries. The diversity of biomass feedstocks (sugars, oils, protein, lignocellulosics), combined with the numerous biochemical and thermochemical conversion technologies, can provide a wealth of products that can be used in many applications. Targeted markets include the polymer, lubricant, solvent, adhesive, herbicide, and pharmaceutical markets. Industrial bioproducts have already penetrated some of these markets, but improved technologies promise new products that can compete with fossil-based products in both cost and performance. 

The complex multicomponent system, called CALAA-01, has been developed by Davis for Calando Pharmaceuticals and is the first of many possible RONDEL therapeutics based on a biomimetic approach to drug delivery [24], The approach combines a linear cationic polymer that incorporates cyclodextrins, a therapeutic payload (siRNA strands that target a specific process), and adamantane molecules modified with biocompatible polyethylene glycol chains (PEGs) or complementary proteins that bind to the target cell types. 

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