PFOA

Several studies have suggested that some critical adverse effects like peroxisome proliferation, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity may be associated with chemical exposure to PFCs, particularly to PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), two ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants with possible environmental and human health risks. 

The analyses using the LAZAR module 4 and VEGA have indicated that perfluor-ooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid (PENA) could be compounds with carcinogenic potential. 

PFOA Positive Compound is out of model Applicability No alerts for carcinogenic activity Positive SAs for the micronucleus... 

PFOA Non-carcinogen Non-carcinogen Non-carcinogen Carcinogen Non-carcinogen Non-carcinogen... 

Focusing on PFOA and PFNA, the evaluation assay was set up in two phases ... 

As the first step, the toxicity of PFOA and PFNA was assessed using the colony formation assay (Fig. 6) cells at the density of 250 cells/plate were seeded in... 

Fig. 9 BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation assay transformation frequency of PFOA and PFNA. Red bar is the control group (untreated cells)...

Results are reported in Fig. 9 no significant increase of TF was recorded after exposure to PFOA (100-500 pM) and PFNA (50-250 pM) suggesting that both compounds do not have carcinogenic potential. 

To verify the prediction from in silico approach, a BALB/c 3T3 CTA was performed on PFOA and PFNA. Results from in vitro assay confirm the response from QSARs models. 

The evaluation for aquatic toxicity on daphnids and fish is reported in Tables 12 and 13. Bold values indicate that compounds are out of the model applicability domain (ECOSAR) or that the prediction is not reliable. ECOSAR and ToxSuite are able to predict all the selected compounds while T.E.S.T. fails in prediction for the daphnia toxicity of perfluorinated compounds (PFOS and PFOA). Tables 12 and 13 include also a limited number of experimental results provided by the model training dataset (some data are extracted from USEPA Ecotox database). Predicted results are in agreement for five compounds only (2, 3, 5, 13 and 14) for both endpoints while the predictions for the other compounds are highly variable. 

Perfluorinated chemicals such as PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are usually restricted by brands and eco-labels. Furthermore, the EU regulates the content of PFOS in consumer products on the market. The use of PFOS and PFOA is also restricted by the Stockholm Convention on POPs although some exemptions exist. PFOS are still produced and used in several countries and can be used in the coating of leather. 

PFCs have been manufactured since 1940s. Because of their properties, these compounds are employed in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) have been two of the most used and studied PFCs, but due to their resistance to degradation, widespread in the environment, bioaccumulation and toxicological properties, these two compounds are limited in use and production practically worldwide. However,... 

Perfluorinated compounds PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFOS, 4 2, 6 2, 8 2, 10 2 diPAP... 

PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, FOSA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFTeA, PFHxDA, PFODA... 

PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFOS, FOSA... 

A-EtFOSE, A-EtFOSAA, FOSAA, FOSA, N-EtFOSA, PFOSI (perfluorooctane sulfinate), PFOA, PFOS Solid-liquid extraction — Sonication and centrifugation — Extract poured into a new tube + MeOH — Purification by dispersed solvent (ENVI-Carb) — (in parallel) SPE from headspace sampling LC-ESI-MS-MS (QqQ) 0.1 pg/L (vial)a 46-49 pmol (microcosm)3 [85]... 

PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTrA, PFTeA, PFHxDA, PFODA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, FOSA PLE (MeOH solvent) — Evaporation to 1 + 30 mL water - SPE by Oasis WAX LC-ESI-MS-MS (QqLIT) 50-2,772 pg/ga [91]... 

Perfluorinated compounds PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, New York State (2005) PFOA = 18-241 [148]... 

Macromolecules have also been specifically designed and synthesized for use as emulsifiers for lipophilic materials and as stabilizers in the colloidal dispersion of lipophilic, hydrocarbon polymers in C02. We have demonstrated the amphiphilicity of fluorinated acrylate homopolymers, such as PFOA, which contain a lipophilic, acrylate like backbone and C02-philic, fluorinated side chains (see Fig. 3) [103]. It has been demonstrated that a homopolymer which physically adsorbs to the surface of a polymer colloid prevents agglomeration by the presence of loops and tails (see Fig. 4) [113]. The synthesis of this type of... 

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