Pfizer Merck

June 19 Four companies, Johnson Johnson, Pfizer, Merck, and Schering-Plough, agree to a six-month moratorium on advertising of new drugs and to modify payment of celebrities and experts who endorse their products. 

The Green Chemistry Institute (GCl) Pharmaceutical Roundtable has used the Process Mass Intensity (PMl) [12], defined as the total mass used in a process divided by the mass of product (i.e. PMl = E factor -i- 1) to benchmark the environmental acceptability of processes used by its members (see the GCl website). The latter include several leading pharmaceutical companies (Eh Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Merck, AstraZeneca, Schering-Plow, and Johnson Johnson). The aim was to use this data to drive the greening of the pharmaceutical industry. We believe, however, that the E factor is to be preferred over the PMl since the ideal E factor of 0 is a better reflection of the goal of zero waste. 

Figure 2 Sum of annual R D spending by six large pharmaceutical companies in the United States Pfizer, Merck, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, American Home Products (renamed Wyeth in 2002), and Schering-Plough. These companies are listed in descending order of the total amount of their profit spent on R D. In terms of R D investment in 2000 as of percentage of sales that year, the order of the companies changes to Eli Lilly (19%), Pfizer (15%), Schering-Plough (14%), American Home Products (13%), Bristol-Myers Squibb (11%), and Merck (6%). On average, these companies spent almost 12% of their 2000 sales on R D. Data from Ref. 8.

Herper M, Kang P (2006) The world s ten best-selling drugs. http //www.forbes.com 006/ 03/21/pfizer-merck-amgen-cx mh pk 0321topdrugs.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2009... 

Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate may be prepared from streptomycin sulfate by catalytic hydrogenation (Merck, Pfizer, Cyanamid), electrolytic reduction (Schenley, Olin Mathieson), or by sodium boro hydride reduction (Bristol), or by isolation from a fermentation process (Takeda). 

Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA. Jerry Murry is currenty located at Process Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065. 

D Palliopen (Merck)-comb. 1 Altocillin (Caber) wfm J Maxipen (Taito Pfizer)... 

Xanthans from several different sources were used in this study Xanthan samples A, B and C were kindly provided as freeze dried powder of ultrasonic degraded xanthan by Dr. B. Tinland, CERMAV, Grenoble, France. The molecular weights of these samples were determined experimentally in dilute solution by Dr. B. Tinland. Xanthan D was kindly provided as pasteurized, ultrafiltrated fermentation broth by Dr. G. Chauveteau, Institut Francais du Petrole, France. Xanthan E was kindly provided as a freeze dried sample from Dr. I. W. Sutherland, Edinburgh, Scotland. Xanthan F was obtained as a commercial, powdered material (Kelzan, Kelco Inc., a Division of Merck, San Diego CA.). Xanthan G was obtained as a commercial concentrated suspension (Flocon 4800, Pfizer, New York, NY)... 

Further hydrogenations of a variety of C=C substrates depicted in Figure 37.22 range from a pilot process to several feasibility studies. Of special interest are PhanePhos, originally reported by Merck, an unsymmetrically substituted phos-pholane developed by Pfizer, and the rare case of an Ir-diphosphine complex active for the hydrogenation of a C=C bond. Nevertheless, the catalyst performances of most processes summarized in Figure 37.22 are probably not (yet) sufficient for manufacturing purposes. Indeed, several of the reports explicitly mention that further development was stopped, either because another route proved to be superior or because the compound was abandoned. 

Recently, several groups have clinically evaluated compounds designed to increase or decrease synaptic levels of multiple neurotransmitters concurrently, such as norepinephrine plus dopamine or norepinephrine plus serotonin. The intent is to effectively treat a broader population with similar symptoms. Conversely, Merck and Pfizer s discontinuance of clinical trials of peptide Y antagonists for depression does not disprove the validation of that target until the results are better understood and can answer such questions as Was efficacy inadequate for a potent and selective compound Was selectivity of the compound for the target inadequate Does the molecular target not relate directly to the disease or have too many disconnects in the pathway to the disease ... 

Atorvastatin (Lipitor, Pfizer) and simvastatin (Zocor, Merck) HMG-coenzyme A inhibitors for the reduction of cholesterol level in blood (refer to Exhibit 1.3). 

We are indebted to our co-workers, whose intellectual contributions, tireless efforts, and tremendous enthusiasm for science have made possible the writing of this chapter. C.G.E. is grateful for pre-doctoral fellowships from the NSF (1999-2002), Pfizer (2002), and the ACS Division of Organic Chemistry, sponsored by Merck Research Laboratories (2002-2003). Research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Beckman Foundation, and by generous contributions from Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Fli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson Matthey, Merck, and Pfizer. 

There are five basic sources of pharmaceuticals. By dollar value of products, fermentation is probably the most important, whereas by tonnage, chemical synthesis is dominant. Fermentation is used for antibiotics such as penicillins and tetracyclines. Chemical synthesis provides drugs such as the psychotropics and antihistamines. Animal extracts provide hormones. Biological sources lead to vaccines and serums. Vegetable extracts provide steroids and alkaloids. The top ten pharmaceutical companies in order of revenues are the following Merck, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson ... 

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