Petroleum Times

During the war, an article written by R. T. Haslam of the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) appeared in the American magazine Petroleum Times. Haslam attempted to justify the dealings between Standard Oil and Farben with the argument that Standard Oil had gotten the best of the deal. 

European developments are covered in the Petroleum Times, Petroleum (London), and the Institute of Petroleum Review. Canadian Chemical Processing is carrying an increasing number of articles as a result of the rapidly growing petrochemical industry and the vast new petroleum and gas fields which have been discovered in that country. There are many Japanese and Russian articles referring to possible commercial production of hydrocarbons from petroleum. In the case of Russian references, it is not known whether processes described have actually been used commercially. 

W. Fuchs, 4. Welt-Erddl-KongreB, Sect. V/a Preprint 11 Petroleum Times 59 (1512), 770-771 (1955). 

Birkenfeld, Der synthetische Treihstojf Kf. 17) 213-215 E. E. Donath, Hydrogenation of Coal and Tar, H. H. Lowry, ed., Chemistry of Coal Utilization (3 vols.. New York, 1945 and 1963), supplementary volume, 1041-1080, on 1042-1044 German Synthetic Petrol and the Moscow Conference, Petroleum Times, 51 (1947) 430, 446 Present Position and Future Role of MOst (Brux) Synthetic Oil Plant, Petroleum Times, 50 (1946) 852 Strategic Bombing Survey (ref 18). 

Demulsibility of petroleum oils and synthetic fluids NFT 60-125 ISO 6614 ASTM D 1401 Time necessary for separation of phases... 

Gas bubble separation time of petroleum oils NFT 60-149 ASTM D 3427 Time for air liberation after supersaturation (measurement of density)... 

Even if all of the elements described so far have been present within a sedimentary basin an accumulation will not necessarily be encountered. One of the crucial questions in prospect evaluation is about the timing of events. The deformation of strata into a suitable trap has to precede the maturation and migration of petroleum. The reservoir seal must have been intact throughout geologic time. If a leak occurred sometime in the past, the exploration well will only encounter small amounts of residual hydrocarbons. Conversely, a seal such as a fault may have developed early on in the field s history and prevented the migration of hydrocarbons into the structure. 

The camphorquinone can be purified in either of two ways, (i) To save time, the drained but still damp material can be recrystallised from water containing 10% of acetic acid, the hot filtered solution being cooled and vigorously stirred. The quinone separates as brilliant yellow crystals (yield, 2 5 g.), m.p. 192-194 , increased to 196-197 by a second reciystal-lisation. (ii) The crude camphorquinone can be dried in a vacuum desiccator (weight of dry quinone, 5 g.), and then recrystallised from petroleum (b.p. 100-120 ), the hot solution being filtered through a fluted paper in a pre-heated funnel. The quinone separates in beautiful crystals, m.p. 196-197 , 2 8 g. 

Filter the crystals at the pump, wash them with water, and drain well. To save time, the product may be recrystallised directly from an ethanol-water mixture (1 2 by vol.), and obtained as colourless crystals, m.p. 68°. Alternatively, the crude product can be dried in a desiccator (yield of dry product, I-9-2 0 g., m.p. 65-67°) and recrystallised from petroleum (b.p. 60-80°), and obtained as needles, m.p. 68°. 

Seme alcohols require longer heating to complete this reaction, and others give urethanes much less soluble in the boiling petroleum. The student must exerdse his judgement to determine the minimum effective time of boiling, and the volume of petroleum which may have to be added to the bdling solution to ensure that the urethane has entirely... 

Dissolve 5 g. of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 10 ml. of water in a small conical flask and add a solution of 3 g. of sodium hydroxide in 10 ml. of water. Cool the solution in cold or ice water, and add 6 g. (7-6 ml.) of acetone slowly. Cool the flask, shake well, and leave overnight, during which time the oxime may crystallise out. If no crystals appear, cork the flask and shake vigorously when the acetoxime usually separates as colourless crystals. Filter the crystals at the pump, dry rapidly between filter paper (yield 2- 6 g.) and determine the m.p. (59°). Extract the filtrate with two 20 ml. portions of ether, and remove the solvent a further 0 - 5 g. of acetoxime (m.p. 60°) is obtained. Recrystallise from light petroleum, b.p. 40-60° CAUTION inflammable) to obtain the pure acetoxime, m.p. 60°. Acetoxime sublimes when left exposed to the air. 

The experimental details for mono-M-propylanillne are as follows. Reflux a mixture of 230 g. of aniline and 123 g. of n-propyl bromide for 8-10 hours. Allow to cool, render the mixture alkafine, and add a solution of 150 g. of zinc chloride in 150 g. of water. Cool the mixture and stir after 12 hours, filter at the pump and drain well. Extract the thick paste several times with boiling light petroleum, b.p. 60-80° (it is best to use a Soxhlet apparatus), wash the combined extracts successively with water and dilute ammonia solution, and then dry over anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Remove the solvent on a water bath, and distil the residue from a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm (well lagged). Collect the n-propyl-aniline at 218-220° the yield is 80 g. Treat the pasty solid zincichloride with an excess of. sodium hydroxide solution and steam distil 130 g. of pure aniline are recovered. 

Into a 1-litre beaker, provided with a mechanical stirrer, place 36 - 8 g. (36 ml.) of aniline, 50 g. of sodium bicarbonate and 350 ml. of water cool to 12-15° by the addition of a little crushed ice. Stir the mixture, and introduce 85 g. of powdered, resublimed iodine in portions of 5-6 g, at intervals of 2-3 minutes so that all the iodine is added during 30 minutes. Continue stirring for 20-30 minutes, by which time the colour of the free iodine in the solution has practically disappeared and the reaction is complete. Filter the crude p-iodoaniline with suction on a Buchner funnel, drain as completely as possible, and dry it in the air. Save the filtrate for the recovery of the iodine (1). Place the crude product in a 750 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux double surface condenser add 325 ml. of light petroleum, b.p. 60-80°, and heat in a water bath maintained at 75-80°. Shake the flask frequently and after about 15 minutes, slowly decant the clear hot solution into a beaker set in a freezing mixture of ice and salt, and stir constantly. The p-iodoaniline crystallises almost immediately in almost colourless needles filter and dry the crystals in the air. Return the filtrate to the flask for use in a second extraction as before (2). The yield of p-iodoaniline, m.p. 62-63°, is 60 g. 

Cool the flask in ice, acidify with 10 ml. of cold 1 1-hydro-chloric acid and distil under reduced pressure (water pump) until most of the alcohol is removed. Add water to the residue, extract several times with ether, wash the combined ethereal extracts with N ammonia solution until a test portion gives no precipitate upon acidification. Extract the combined alkahne solutions once with a fresh portion of ether, and add the aqueous solution to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid the final mixture should still be acidic to Congo red. Collect the crystalhne half-ester by filtration at the pump, wash it with water and dry at 100°. The yield is 14-5 g., m.p. 122-125°. Recrystallise by dissolving in about 40 ml. of warm benzene and adding an equal volume of petroleum ether (b.p. 40- 60°) 13 -5 g. of the colourless half-ester, m.p. 125-126°, are obtained. 

Bromine on the skin. Wash the aflected part immediately with a liberal supply of light petroleum, b.p. 80-100°, and then rub glycerine well into the skin. After a little time remove the superficial glycerine and apply acriflavine jelly or butesin picrate ointment. 

Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. 

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