Petroleum sample analysis

Institute of Petroleum (1974) Marine pollution by oil characterization of pollutants, sampling, analysis, and interpretation. Applied Science Publications... 

Even thongh cleanup procedures are advocated before sample analysis, there can be several limitations to varions cleannp steps. The reasons for decreased effectiveness of cleanup procedures include (1) Sample loading may exceed the capacity of cleanup columns, (2) nonpetrolenm componnds may have chemical strnctnres similar to petroleum constituents and may behave like a petroleum constituent, (3) analytes of interest may be removed dnring the cleanup and (4) no single cleanup technique removes all the chemical interference. 

Once the sample preparation is complete, there are several approaches to the analysis of petroleum constituents in the water and soil (1) leachability or toxicity of the sample, (2) the amounts of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the sample, (3) petroleum group analysis, and (4) fractional analysis of the sample. These methods measure different petroleum constituents that might be present in petroleum-contaminated environmental media. 

A high-performance liquid chromatography system can be used to measure concentrations of target semi- and nonvolatile petroleum constituents. The system only requires that the sample be dissolved in a solvent compatible with those used in the separation. The detector most often used in petroleum environmental analysis is the fluorescence detector. These detectors are particularly sensitive to aromatic molecules, especially PAHs. An ultraviolet detector may be used to measure compounds that do not fluoresce. 

A Sulfur K Edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy method has been developed for the direct determination and quantification of the forms of organically bound sulfur in nonvolatile petroleum and coal samples. XANES spectra were taken of a number of model compounds, mixtures of model compounds, heavy petroleum and coal samples. Analysis of the third derivatives of these spectra allowed approximate quantification of the sulfidic and thiophenic components of the model mixtures and of heavy petroleum and coal samples. These results are compared with those obtained by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). 

Oil - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - CARBONIZATION] (Vol6) - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - GASIFICATION] (Vol6) - [SIZE ENLARGEMENT] (Vol 22) -fuel for limestone kilns [LIME AND LIMESTONE] (Vol 15) -hydrogen from [HYDROGEN] (Vol 13) -measurement of particles m [SIZE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLES] (V ol 22) -m nuts [NUTS] (Vol 17) -as petroleum lubricant [LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS] (Vol 15) -pipeline transport [PIPELINES] (Vol 19) -sample analysis by ms [MASS SPECTROMETRY] (Vol 15) -from shale [OIL SHALE] (Vol 17) -steel quenching m [STEEL] (Vol 22) -sulfur removal from [SULFUR] (Vol 23) -tanks for [TANKS AND PRESSURE VESSELS] (Vol 23) -use of fluidization [FLUIDIZATION] (Vol 11)... 

The petroleum sample must be prepared for analysis prior to its presentation to the AAS instrument The choice of sample preparation method is... 

Thus, values for the index between 0 and 15 indicate a predominance of paraffinic hydrocarbons in the fraction values from 15 to 50 indicate a predominance of either naphthenes or mixtures of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics values above 50 indicate a predominant aromatic character. Although the correlation index yields useful information, it is in fact limited to distillable materials and, when many petroleum samples are to be compared, the analysis of results may be cumbersome. 

Uses. Trace elemental analysis methods are invariably based on techniques which require standards for recovery studies as well as quantitation. The use of aqueous inorganic standards to calibrate measurements of metals in mineralized petroleum samples is well established. Such standards, however, give no information about the fate of the analyte during the critical sample preparation step. Therefore organometal-lic standards are required for trace element recovery studies on petroleum, regardless of whether the analysis is carried out directly or after mineralization. 

A wet oxidation procedure which utilizes sulfuric, nitric, and perchloric acid was established as a satisfactory method for destroying the organic matrix of petroleum samples with quantitative retention of the arsenic. Table 5.1 compares the amount of arsenic added to three petroleum samples with the amount of arsenic found on analysis by the method subsequently adopted. In each case the amount found by analysis agrees with the amount added within the precision of the method and indicates that the arsenic is quantitatively retained by the sample preparation procedure. Quantitative retention of the arsenic was further substantiated by neutron activation analysis of a sample which was spiked with a known amount of triphenylarsine. The arsenic concentration was determined at each step of the sample preparation procedure (Table 5., II). The results were in general agreement with the amount added and confirmed the earlier conclusion that arsenic is quantitatively retained during sample preparation. 

The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing petroleum samples to which known amounts of arsenic had been added. In each case the amount found by analysis agreed with the known spike level within the precision of the method. 

CRA-63 Method. The in-house precision and accuracy of the CRA-63 method were established by analysis of petroleum samples to which known amounts of beryllium (as the sulfonate) had been added. The results are shown in Table 6.1. The standard deviation over the 30-40 ng Be/g range is 3.8 ng Be/g, and the t test indicates that the results found by analysis agree with the amount added within the precision of the method. 

This study is most impressive. Dr. Makhows spent 17 years in the Research Center of SONATRACH evaluating 10 000 samples mineralogically and petrologically, and 5 000 by chemical analysis. The book s ten chapters summarize the most detailed petroleum reservoir analysis I have seen in recent years. For those working in the Sahara this book is a gift. For those working elsewhere it should serve as a case history for their own areas of study. 

Kahen, K., Strubinger, A., Chirinos, J. R., and Montaser, A., Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Petroleum Samples, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Vol. 58,2002, pp. 397—413. 

In the 50 years since its introduction, the use of GC by the petroleum industry has helped foster many breakthroughs in GC instrumentation. Open-tubular GC columns and the theory that describes them were first introduced by Golay and Ettre in the mid-1950s. The further development of open-tubular capillary columns was done by Desty of British Petroleum, and, with subsequent refinement, this technique is now the standard method for most GC applications. The use of GC for sample analysis was also quickly adopted by the pharmaceutical and food industries and is used for fundamental studies of reaction kinetics and physiochemical measurements. Today the use of GC for the analysis of complex samples such as serum proteins, natural products, essential oils, and environmental samples has become a routine with multidimensional separation techniques and multivariate chemometric analysis providing identificatimi and quantification of trace analytes from complex samples in the sub-ppb range. A GC system usually consists of the following elements (Fig. 1) ... 

The characterization of a spilled oil in a contaminated environmental sample can be important for the assessment of environmental damage, and also in the selection of appropriate response and cleanup measures. The identification of an oil spill source is also extremely important for settling any dispute relating to Hability and compensation. Petroleum hydrocarbon analysis may also be required to... 

American Society for Testing and Materials (2003) Standard Test Method for Oil and Grease and Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water. D 3921-96. Philadelphia, PA. Butt JA, Duckworth DF, and Perry SG (1986) Characterisation of Spilled Oil Samples Purpose, Sampling, Analysis, and Interpretation. Chichester Wiley. 

F. Abou-Shakra, Analysis of Petroleum Samples by DRC-ICP-MS, PerkinElmer LAS Application Note—007848-01, 2007, http //las.perkinelmer.com/content/application-notes/far analysisofpetroleumsamplesdrcicpms.pdf. 

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