Petroleum insulating oil

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Electrical insulating oil Insulating oil Petroleum insulating oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

OILS, MISCELLANEOUS TRANSFORMER Electrical insulating oil, Insulating oil, Petroleum insulating oil NL 0 1 0 ... 

Water is obviously undesirable in electrical equipment, and the water content of transformer and other insulating oils is frequently limited to a low maximum value. Traces of water that would not influence the general run of petroleum product tests could have a very significant effect on properties such as electric strength. 

ASTM D-2224 Test Method for Mean Molecular Weight of Mineral Insulating Oils by the Cryoscopic Method (discontinued in 1989 but still used by some laboratories for determining the molecular weight of petroleum fractions up to and including gas oil). 

ASTM D 1816-97. Standard test method for dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating oils of petroleum origin using VDE electrodes. 

D117 Guide to Test Methods and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin ... 

The term viscosity-gravity constant is also used in Test Method D2140, for determining carbon-type composition of insulating oils of petroleum origin. The equations used are different from those in this test method the bias between the two test methods is unknown. 

Note 2—The procedure for sampling liquified petroleum gases is described in Practice D 1265 the procedure for sampling fiuid power hydraulic fluids is covered in ANSI B93.19 and B93.44 the pnx ure for sampling insulating oils is described in Test Method D 923 and the procedure for sampling natural gas is described in Test Method D 1145. 

The heaviest products obtained directly from oil arc lubricants, waxes, asphalt, and coke. These products have both domestic and industrial uses. Lubricants, for example, are applied in the operation and maintenance of industrial equipment and machinery. Asphalt, because it is not reactive to chemicals in the environment, is a superb material of construction in the building of roads and in roofing. It is also used in the waterproofing of concrete, the manufacture of black paints, and as a material lor tire threads, battery housing, electrical insulation, and other applications. The heaviest of all the petroleum products, coke, is used extensively as a major component of industrial electrodes and as a commercial fuel. 

The natural oils on a sea bird s feathers work to repel water, but they are miscible with the petroleum oils of an oil spill. The petroleum oils, therefore, readily adhere to and penetrate the feathers. The many air pockets within the feathers that normally serve to insulate the bird are lost, which is why the birds suffer hypothermia. Rescue workers are trained to remove these oils using liquid dishwashing detergent and warm water-... 

BAGASSE. In the manufacture of sugar from sugar cane, the crushed fibers from which the sap has been expressed are called bagasse. Its principal use is as a fuel to run the mills that crush the cane. For this purpose bagasse is mixed with petroleum oil. It is also used as a fertilizer and to some extent in manufacturing heavy insulation board and coarse paper. 

Natural gas resources are as much a cause of concern as petroleum. While much natural gas is still available in this country (especially in Alaska, if a pipeline can be built to access it), and significant new reserves may still be discovered, consumption already is rising rapidly. Furthermore, gas fields tend to deplete faster than oil fields, and advanced techniques such as enhanced oil recovery do not apply to gas. In addition, gas is more difficult to import from overseas. The main technique is liquefying it at very low temperatures, shipping it via insulated tanker ships, and reheating it at the port of entry, a technique which is also vulnerable... 

Because nonpolar alkanes are not water soluble, crude petroleum spilled into the sea from a ruptured oil tanker creates an insoluble oil sUck on the surface. The insoluble hydrocarbon oil poses a special threat to birds whose feathers are coated with natural nonpolar oils for insulation. Because these hydrophobic oils dissolve in the crude petroleum, birds lose their layer of natural protection and many die. 

Foam-In-PIace. The foam-in-place (or pour-in-place) method is used for the production of refrigerators, deep freezers, sandwich panels, and similar applications. This process is also used for field applications, such as indoor- and outdoor-tank insulation (79), LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tank insulation, heavy oil-tank insulation, chemical-tank-car insulation, and pipe-covering insulation, among others (79). 

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