Petroleum gasoline from

The transport reactor (Figure 4-22) is widely used in the production of gasoline from heavier petroleum fractions. In this reactor, either an... 

Figure 15.9 Use of heart-cutting for the identification of target compounds in 90% evaporated gasoline. Peak identification is as follows 1, 1,2,4,5-teti amethylbenzene 2, 1,2,3,5-teti amethylbenzene 3, 4-methylindane 4, 2-methylnaphthalene 5, 5-methylindane 6, 1-methylnaphthalene 7, dodecane 8, naphthalene 9,1,3-dimethylnaphthalene. Adapted from Chromatography, 39, A. Jayatilaka and C.F. Poole, Identification of petroleum distillates from fire debris using multidimensional gas chromatography , pp. 200-209, 1994, with permission from Vieweg Publishing.

American chemist Charles Palmer makes a breakthrough in devising a thermal process to produce gasoline from crude petroleum. 

The main use of naphtha in the petroleum industry is in gasoline production. Light naphtha is normally blended with reformed gasoline (from catalytic reforming units) to increase its volatility and to reduce the aromatic content of the product gasoline. 

PET, see Polyethylene terephthalate Petit, Rowland, 524 Petroleum, catalytic cracking of, 100 composition of, 99-100 gasoline from. 99-100 history of, 99 refining of, 99-100 Pharmaceuticals, approval procedure for, 165 origin of, 164 Phenol(s), 599... 

Iso-Kel [Isomerization-Kellogg] A fixed-bed, vapor-phase isomerization process for making high-octane gasoline from aliphatic petroleum fractions. The catalyst is platinum on alumina. Developed by MW Kellogg. 

EPA Water and Petroleum fuels from gasoline through No. 2 fuel oils... 

EPA Method 9070 Solid waste Applicable to determination of relatively nonvolatile hydrocarbons. Not applicable to measurement of light hydrocarbons petroleum fuels, from gasoline through No. 2 fuel oils, are completely or partially lost. Recoveries of some crude oils and heavy fuel oils will be low. 

Accordingly, the total petroleum hydrocarbons at a gasoline spill site will be comprised of mostly Cs to Cu compounds, while total petroleum hydrocarbons at an older site where the fuel has weathered will likely measure mostly Cg to Cn compounds. Because of this inherent variability in the method and the analyte, it is currently not possible to directly relate potential enviromnental or health risks with concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons. The relative mobility or toxicity of contaminants represented by total petroleum hydrocarbons analyses at one site may be completely different from that of another site (e.g., Ce to Cn compared to Cio to C25). There is no easy way to determine if total petroleum hydrocarbons from the former site will represent the same level of risk as an equal measure of the total petroleum hydrocarbons from the latter. For these reasons it is clear that the total petroleum hydrocarbons value offers limited benefits as an indicator measure for cleanup criteria. Its current widespread use as a soil cleanup criterion is a function of a lack of understanding of its proper application and... 

The discrepancy in numbers between natural and synthetic varieties is an expression of the usefulness of zeolitic materials in industry, a reflection of their unique physicochemical properties. The crystal chemistry of these aluminosilicates provides selective absorbtion and exchange of a remarkably wide range of molecules. Some zeolites have been called molecular sieves. This property is exploited in the purification and separation of various chemicals, such as in obtaining gasoline from crude petroleum, pollution control, or radioactive waste disposal (Mumpton, 1978). The synthesis of zeolites with a particular crystal structure, and thus specific absorbtion characteristics, has become very competitive (Fox, 1985). Small, often barely detectable, changes in composition and structure are now covered by patents. A brief review of the crystal chemistry of this mineral group illustrates their potential and introduces those that occur as fibers. 

Some reactions occur very rapidly others very, very slowly. For example, in the production of polyethylene, one of our most important plastics, or in the production of gasoline from crude petroleum, we want the reaction step to be complete in less than one second, while in waste water treatment, reaction may take days and days to do the job. 

The Earth Tech technology is an ex situ, soil bioremediation process that uses the indigenous microorganisms already present in the soil in a custom-designed approach to enhance microbial activity. The Earth Tech technology is used primarily to treat soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons from fuels (such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.). In the Earth Tech process. 

Vapor Phase Absorption. Absorption is closely related to extractive distillation, in that a solvent is used for the separation of one or more constituents from a gaseous mixture. In absorption, however, the mixture to be treated is comprised of compounds having relatively large differences in volatility and condensation cannot be conveniently used. The various absorption processes differ primarily in the means used to separate product and absorber oil. A typical example of the application of vapor phase absorption in the petroleum industry is the recovery of gasoline from natural gas. 

In addition to the sulfur compounds listed above, hydrogen sulfide has been found in many crude petroleums. Elemental sulfur has been definitely found in several crude petroleums by API Research Project 48 (23). Although Birch and Norris (5) isolated several disulfides from the spent caustic used in treating gasoline from Iranian petroleum, these compounds may have resulted from the oxidation of the thiols and their presence in the original petroleum is regarded as doubtful. Other types of sulfur compounds, such as thiophenes and aromatic thiols, have been identified in cracked petroleum products, but the presence of such compounds in naturally occurring petroleums has not yet been established. 

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