Expulsion petroleum

Li M., Yao H., Stasiuk L. D., Eowler M. G., and Latter S. R. (1997) Effect of maturity and petroleum expulsion on pyrrohc nitrogen compound yields and distributions in the Duvemay Formation petroleum source rocks in central Alberta, Canada. Org. Geochem. US, 731—744. 

After primary migration has taken place, a certain proportion of the generated hydrocarbons remains in the pore system of the source rock (Hunt, 1979). The oil fraction that remains in the source rock will be cracked to gas as the source rock is buried to greater depths and temperatures (Section 3.1.5). The effect of primary migration of hydrocarbons can be indicated by the expulsion efficiency. The petroleum expulsion efficiency is the ratio of the expelled petroleum and the sum of the generated and initial petroleum and can vary from zero (no expulsion) to 1.0 (complete expulsion) (Cooles et al., 1986). The expulsion efficiencies are not uniform in time and space (Leythaeuser et al. 1987b). They depend on the tsrpe of source rock, its richness and thermal maturity and the primary migration mechanism. 

For a certain geological heating rate, the petroleum expulsion efficiency, in combination with the type and richness of a source rock, determine whether oil, gas condensate or gas will be expelled over a certain temperature range (Mackenzie and Quigley, 1988 Figure 3.15). 

PGI = Petroleum Generation Index PEE = Petroleum Expulsion Efficiency... 

Duppenbecker, S.J., Dohmen, L. and D.H. Welte, 1991. Numerical modelling of petroleum expulsion in two areas of the Lower Saxony Basin, Northern Germany. In England, W.A. and Fleet, A.J. (eds.), 1991. Petroleum migration. Geological Society Special Publication, no. 59, pp. 47-64... 

Ritter U. (2003) Solubility of petroleum compounds in kerogen implications for petroleum expulsion. Org. 

Pepper, A. S. 1991. Estimating the petroleum expulsion behaviour of source rocks, a novel quantitative approach. In England, W. A. Fleet, A. J. (eds) Petroleum Migration. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 59, 9-31. 

Lewan MD (1998) Sulfm-radical control on petroleum formation rates. Nature 39 164-166 Leythaeuser D, Radke M, Schafer RG (1984) Efficiency of petroleum expulsion from shale source rocks. Nature 311 745-748... 

Pepper AS (1992) Estimating the petroleum expulsion behavior of source roeks a novel quantitative approaeh. In Petroleum Migration. Fleet AJ, England WA (eds), Geol Soe London 59 9-31 Peters KE (2000) Petroleum tricyclic terpanes predicted physicochemieal behavior from molecular mechanics calculations. Org Geochem 31 497-507... 

Ritter, U. SolubUity of petroleum compounds in kerogen imphcations for petroleum expulsion Org. Geochem. 2003,34, 319-326... 

Dilppenbecker, S. J. Welte, D. H. Petroleum expulsion from source rocks insights from geology, geochemistry and computerized numerical modelling. Thirteenth World Petroleum Congress, 1992 165-177. 

Fixed carbon is the material remaining after the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash. It is, in fact, a measure of the solid combustible material in coal after the expulsion of volatile matter, and like determination of the carbon residue of petroleum and petroleum products (Speight, 1999, 2001) represents the approximate yield of thermal coke from coal (Zimmerman, 1979). 

Hydrogen index Petroleum generated Expulsion efficiency... 

Between 120 and 150 °C the oil expulsion is very eflScient (c. 60 - 90%) for good oil-prone source rocks with initial petroleum potentials greater than c. 0.01 kg/kg of rock (Mackenzie and Quigley, 1988). The oil expulsion from leaner oil... 

Comer, J.B. and H.H. Hinch, 1987. Recognizing and quantifying expulsion of oil from the Woodford Formation and age-equivalent rocks in Oklahoma and Arkansas. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 844-858 Connan, J., 1984. Biodegradation of crude oils in reservoirs. In Brooks, J. and D.H. Welte, (eds.), 1984. Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry, Vol. 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 299-335... 

Leythaeuser, D., Muller, P.J., Radke, M. and R.G. Schaefer, 1987b. Geochemistry can trace primary migration of petroleum recognition and quantification of expulsion effects. In Doligez, B. (ed.), 1987. Migration of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins. 3rd IFP Exploration and Production Research Conference, 1987. Editions Technip, Paris, pp. 197-202... 

Forbes, P.L., Ungerer, P.M., Kuhfuss, A.B., Riis, F. and Eggen, S. 1991. Compositional modeling of petroleum generation and expulsion trial applieation to a local mass balance in Smprbukk S0r Field, Haltenbanken Area, Norway. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 75 873-893. 

The precise mechanisms by which expulsion of petroleum occurs are not fully understood, although pressure and to some extent temperature are of importance (England et al. 1987). Different mechanisms may operate in different types of source rock (Stainforth Reinders 1990). One possibility is that hydrocarbons move through microfractures in the source rock under the influence of over-pressure (Tissot Welte 1984), and compaction plays a part (Braun Burnham 1992). An increase in volume during the liberation of hydrocarbon fluids from the solid kerogen matrix would contribute to over-pressure development, but evidence for it is equivocal (Osborne Swarbrick 1997). Microfrac-turing will reduce capillary pressure and so reheve over-pressure by allowing the escape of hydrocarbons. 

Fig. 4. 29 Trends in petroleum generation (gen) and expulsion (exp) for source rocks of varying kerogen composition (at a mean heating rate of 5°C MyE1 after Mackenzie Quigley 1988). Concentrations refer to kg of kerogen per tonne of rock.

Ungerer P. (1993) Modelling of petroleum generation and expulsion —an update to recent reviews. In Basin Modelling Advances and Applications (ed. Dore A.G., Auguston J.H., Hermanrud C., Stewart D.J., Sylta O.), Norwegian Petroleum Soc. Spec. Publn 3, 219—32.Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Basin modelling using asphaltene kinetics was performed to constrain where in the studied basins the required expulsion temperatures as defined by the asphaltene kinetic approach have been met. As discussed in Di Primio et al. (2000) a 5% TR was used as the threshold value for determination of the expulsion conditions of the petroleum phase. 

Sweeney, J. J., Braun, R. L., Burnham, A. K., Taluk-dar, S. Vallejos, C. 1995. Chemical kinetic model of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and destruction applied to the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 79(10), 1515-1532. 

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