Petroleum carbon content

Many commercial gases are generated by burning hydrocarbons (qv) eg, natural gas or propanes, in air (see Gas, natural Liquified petroleum gas). The combustion process, especially the amount of air used, determines the gas composition. For a given fuel-to-air ratio, the gas composition can be used to determine the water vapor content required to achieve a desired equiUbrium carbon content of the austenite (see Combustiontechnology). 

Calcined petroleum coke breeze with a high fixed carbon content of 99% is used in deepwell applications. The material has a low particle size and, with suitable additives, may be converted into a slurry and pumped into a borehole. The sulphur content of this material is high (1 -4%), yet moisture (0-2%), ash (0-4%) and volatiles (0-4%) are low. The typical resistivity of this material is 0 -15 ohm m. 

A petroleum coke with round grains is available specifically for borehole cathodic protection applications The round grains ensure high porosity and enable gas to escape, allowing the coke to sink to the base of the borehole. This material hjis a higher bulk density than petroleum coke (1 185 kgm" ) which enables it to sink to the bottom of the borehole, yet a lower fixed carbon content (93%), with higher ash (2-06%) and sulphur (5-3%) contents. The resistivity of this material is quoted as 0-1 ohmm. 

Total Organic Carbon Formations with a significant TOC content greater than the petroleum hydrocarbon content, as with peat-rich soil, can compete with the hydrocarbon-degrading microbes for oxygen and nutrients. A representative sample should thus be analyzed for TOC if organic matter is observed in soil samples or borings. 

In terms of the elemental composition of petroleum, the carbon content is relatively constant it is the hydrogen and heteroatom contents that are responsible for the major differences. Nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur are present in only trace amounts in some petroleum, which thus consists primarily of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, a crude oil containing 9.5% heteroatoms may contain essentially no true hydrocarbon constituents insofar as the constituents contain at least one or more nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur atoms within the molecular structures. 

Coke a gray to black solid carbonaceous material produced from petroleum during thermal processing characterized by having a high carbon content (95%+ by weight), a honeycomb appearance, and is insoluble in organic solvents. 

Production. Silicon is typically produced in a three-electrode, a-c submerged electric arc furnace by the carbothermic reduction of silicon dioxide (quartz) with carbonaceous reducing agents. The reductants consist of a mixture of coal (qv), charcoal, petroleum coke, and wood chips. Petroleum coke, if used, accounts for less than 10% of the total carbon requirements. Low ash bituminous coal, having a fixed carbon content of 55—70% and ash content of <4%, provides a majority of the required carbon. Typical carbon contribution is 65%. Charcoal, as a reductant, is highly reactive and varies in fixed carbon from 70—92%. Wood chips are added to the reductant mix to increase the raw material mix porosity, which improves the SiO (g) to solid carbon reaction. Silica is added to the furnace in the form of quartz, quartzite, or gravel. The key quartz requirements are friability and thermal stability. Depending on the desired silicon quality, the total oxide impurities in quartz may vary from 0.5—1%. 

Within the past five years, the propane deasphalting process has found a place in the recovery of high boiling, desirable catalytic cracking feed stocks with a relatively low carbon content from petroleum residua (57). 

Initial total PAH concentration 1.4g/kg Total petroleum hydrocarbons 5.7-7.0g/kg Sandy loam Organic carbon content 1.8% Soil moisture 80% of WHC Solid phase organic amendment Seech et al. (1994)... 

Just as a relationship exists between the various properties of petroleum with parameters such as depth of burial of the reservoir (Speight, 1999), similar relationships exist for the properties of coal (e.g., Solomon, 1981 Speight, 1994). Variations in hydrogen content with carbon content or oxygen content with carbon content and with each other have also been noted. However, it should be noted that many of the published reports cite the variation of analytical data or test results not with rank in the true sense of the word but with elemental carbon content that can only be approximately equated to rank. 

In Japan, NKK was the first company to use petroleum coke as the source for metallurgical coke making in 1967. Since then, petroleum coke has been utilized to increase carbon content and decrease ash content of coal blends used by Japanese iron and steel companies. This report includes the following subjects ... 

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