PETN properties

MNO has been evaluated as being between Tetryl and TNT in performance, but of considerably lower stability because of a hydrolytic action with w (Ref 5). It is reported to form a eutectic with PETN, having the compn MNO 30, PETN 70%, which is liq at 100° and which, cast, passes a rifle-bullet test (Ref 3). A detailed study of the expl properties of MNO is given by MacDougall (Ref 5). MNO and analagous di-... 

Prepd by the addn of perfluoroguanidine to PEMN followed by fluorination of the adduct. Procedures for the prepn of this type compd are described in Refs 3,4 5 Explosive Properties. Qf —158kcal/mole, Qe I599cal/g impact sensy PA app 5.1cm (PETN 30cm) fricn sensy measured as grit hardness for expln 4 (PETN above 9) (Ref 2)... 

Optical Spectral Properties. Mullen Orloff (Ref 100) give the uv absorption spectra of PETN in MeCN soin from 1825 to 3900A. 

Mass Spectra. Obtained by Gillis et al (Ref 104). Field ionization and electron impact ionization mass spectra are given by Brunee et al (Ref 54) Mechanical Properties < Sound Velocity. Hoge (Ref 77) obtained the following ultimate stress as a function of strain rate for machined discs (1.77g/cc) of PETN (all failures were brittle fractures)... 

Pentastit. Trade name for Swiss military expls prepd by phlegmatizing PETN with pentaeiythritol tetra-stearate (called pentaerythrit-tetrastearat in Ger). These expls were manufd by the Schweizerische Sprengstoff Fabrik AG at Dottikon, Switzerland The properties and compns of some Pentastit expls, with and without A1 are reported as follows ... 

PEP-3. One of the US plastic high expls developed during WWII, consisting of PETN 86 and Gulf Crown E Oil 14%. Its sensitivity, stability and performance properties are detailed below ... 

The PETN must be sufficiently fine to propagate reliably in small diameter at the same time it must be relatively free flowing. These two properties are to some extent contradictory, but suitable grades can be manufactured by careful attention to the method of precipitating the PETN during purification. 

Pentaerythritol tetrallyl ether, 2 50 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 2 49 5 114. See also PETN molecular formula and structure, 5 110t Pentaerythrose, production from acetaldehyde, 1 104 Pentaethylenehexamines, physical properties, 8 486t... 

PET/HDPE blends, 21 452. See also High density polyethylene (HDPE) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Petite yeasts, 26 451 Petitgrain oils, in perfumes, 18 370 PET molding resins, 20 56-57 current prices for, 20 59t properties of, 20 59t uses for, 20 57 PETN, 10 734-735. See also... 

The newly developed equation of state was applied to the calculation of detonation properties. In this context, one stringent test of any equation of state is the prediction of detonation velocities as a function of initial densities, and we chose for this purpose PETN. The Cheetah results are shown in Figure 7 along with the experimental data.53 The agreement is again very good. 

Reacting Multiple Phase Mixtures Application to the Detonation Properties of PETN. 

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) (3) is a powerful explosive which exhibits considerable brisance on detonation (VOD 8310 m/s at = 1.77 g/cm ). It is the most stable and least reactive of the common nitrate ester explosives. The relatively high sensitivity of PETN to friction and impact means that it is usually desensitized with phlegmatizers like wax and the product is used in detonation cord, boosters and as a base charge in detonators. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate can be mixed with synthetic polymers to form plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) like detasheet and Semtex-IA. A cast mixture of PETN and TNT in equal proportions is known as pentolite and has seen wide use as a military explosive and in booster charges. The physical, chemical and explosive properties of PETN commend its use as a high explosive. 

TATP is unique in that it is a material that never received any serious consideration for military or commercial applications. It was studied by numerous groups, but primarily for academic reasons. Minimal literature references exist on it. TATP was first reported by Wolfenstein in 1895 [6], Since that time, numerous recipes have been developed for its preparation. One of the most useful studies of its properties as an explosive was conducted by Rohrlich and Sauermilch [7], They determined that TATP had a TNT equivalency of approximately 88% based on lead block expansion. They prepared a firing train consisting of 0.05 g TATP (pressed at 250 kg/cm2) in contact with pentaerythrital tetranitrate (PETN) to produce reliable blasting caps. Other experiments determined that a 0.16-g portion of the peroxide (density = 1.35 g/cm3) could initiate TNT. 

Results of Paterson s work show that the receptor (PETN) is considerably overprimed by the NG based expl, and slightly under-primed by the TNT based expl. The. reflected wave is in each case a rarefaction, very weak with the TNT explosive. The condition for no reflected wave is that the primer C-J point lie on the receptor RH curve. The condition for a stable wave in the receptor is that the receptor CJ point lie on the primer RH curve while the condition for exactly balanced priming is that the two CJ points coincide. The last condition is satisfied at every section in a single expl cartridge Fig 2 shows also, for comparison, the transmitted RH curve for nonreactive waves. The properties of such waves transmitted by the same two primers are summarized by Paterson in the table, but this part is omitted bv Dunkle and by us... 

Fuel Oil Appendix II, pp 379-407 gives details of calculations of products of detonation and tables of detonation-state properties Using a(v) equation of state Cook (Ref 1, p 284, Table 12.1) gives explosion state and other properties for some primary. and near primary explosives, which include MF, LA, HNMnt, NG, EGDN, PETN, RDX and Tetryl. 

A sample calculation was given in Ref 29b for shock waves in air employing the general equation of state (See eq 23) for the expln products and the ideal gas adiabatic eq of state for air. Employing the method of calculation based on the hydrodynamic theory, good agreement was obtd for expls investigated (PETN Tetryl) between calculated and experimentally detd explosive properties... 

Unknown Name Firm factory in Narni (PETN) (This factory is now the property of the Italian Army)... 

Derived for gases at high d, in terms of interatomic forces, using statistical mechanics. The atom in a dense gas was considered similar to that in a liq or cryst, subject to multiple collisions at all times (Ref 1). This method was later extended to liqs (Ref 2) and solids (Refs 3 4), and was used by Murgai and others for the calcn of the expl properties of TNT and PETN (Refs 5 6)... 

In other words, the initiator, also called primary explosive, is initiated by a small energy input and its explosive output initiates the booster, which in turn, initiates the main charge that is, HE filling. The booster is sufficiently insensitive yet capable of initiation by the initiator. Booster explosives are limited in number (Tetryl and PETN) and their explosive properties are in between initiators and main charges. 

A number of explosives for various applications have been synthesized, characterized for structural aspects, thermal and explosive properties by us in India and are being evaluated [193-198] for their intended end-use. The evaluation of BTATNB [Structure (2.27)] indicates that it is slightly more thermally stable than PATO [Structure (2.24)] coupled with better insensitivity toward impact and friction [71]. The data on thermal and explosive properties of some aromatic nitrate esters suggest that l,3,5-tris(2-nitroxyethyl nitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene [Structure (2.54)] is a potential substitute of PETN [193]. An explosive called 2,4,6-tris (3,5 -diamino-2, 4, 6 -trinitrophenylamino)-l,3,5-triazene [designated as PL-1 Structure (2.55)] is a new thermally stable and insensitive explosive which on comparison with TATB suggests that it is slightly inferior to TATB [Structure... 

This mixed explosive has properties intermediate between PETN and DPEHN and has the advantage of a more or less constant and definite composition... 

Explosive properties of DPEHN in comparison with PETN) 5) Stett-bacher (1933), 173-75 St 363 (DPEHN)... 

A. Schmidt, SS 29, (1934) (The Thermo chemical properties of ErTeN) 10) Davis (1943), 235-36 (Some props of ErTeN) 280 (ErTeN reduces Feh-ling s soln on boiling while PETN does not)... 

In military applications PETN has been largely replaced by RDX since RDX is more thermally stable and has a longer shelf life. Some of the properties of PETN are given in Table 2.14. 

Austing et al (Ref 5) and Tullis and Austing (Ref 12) studied the detonation properties of very low density expls (0.25g/cm3uniformly dispersed in polyurethane foams to achieve their low densities. A few measurements were also made on unfoamed Nitroguanidine. Selected values of D for foamed PETN are shown in Table 5... 

---