Personal alarm sensor

Portable H2S detectors are commonly used wherever H2S may be present. They typically have an alarm value set in the 5—10 ppm range. In addition to the personal alarms, fixed sensors located around the facility will warn of a release. 

In Chapter 5.4, optical ultraviolet radiation sensors are described, including UV-enhanced silicon-based pn diodes, detectors made from other wide band gap materials in crystalline or polycrystalline form, the latter being a new, less costly alternative. Other domestic applications are personal UV exposure dosimetry, surveillance of sun beds, flame scanning in gas and oil burners, fire alarm monitors and water sterilization equipment surveillance. 

Unfortunately, most of these applications are designed for their specific tasks only. There is currently no software architecture that integrates them into a network that would enable intelligent interaction between them. This is where the future lies. For example, a sensor could recognize the opening of a window and make the heating control of a radiator shut down. The same information about the window could also be built into a security system that would then check what caused the window to open. An alarm would be set off if the person who opened it is not recognized. 

In addition to the standard laboratory protection, such as safety goggles and chemically resistant butyl rubber gloves, a personal HF gas monitor with audible alarm and a safety sensor for liquids, as described in Section 10.4, are commercially available [2], For detailed information about the toxic effects of HF, see references Fi5, Wa8 and Re4. 

About the size of a package of cigarettes, individual sensors are available for H2S, phosgene, N02, HCN, and CO. In the near future, the series will be expanded to include CI2 and hydrazine. When used with the Chronotox microprocessor, the Monitox serves as a personal monitor as well as a gas detection alarm system. 

In general practice, gas detection instruments working with electrochemical sensors are very commonly employed. These rather compact devices can be worn on the body, and therefore they are very suitable for monitoring personal exposure. The user is alerted in the case of hazardous concentrations in the working environment by an audible and visible alarm device. Usually, the instruments include a data logger, which enables the recorded data to be evaluated at a PC at a later point of time. The necessary software is normally supphed with the device. 

Simple systems such as pendant alarms are under the control of the user. However, it is possible to monitor a person s activities in a home by a great variety of means. For example, sensors can detect the use of doors, chairs or beds and can even distinguish different types of motion around a room. Video and sound monitoring may supplement such sensors. All of this data can be stored or sent directly for assessment at another location. If a person leaves their home, inexpensive global positioning systems (GPS) can monitor their movements and allow their tracking on a personal computer. Such lifestyle and location monitoring may be used in the care of vulnerable persons, such as those with dementia. 

Laboratory measurements use special instmments for highly accurate analysis and field instmments are used for a quick assessment of conditions. Some instmments are attached to workers (personal samplers or dosimeters) to monitor exposures. Some of these dosimeters determine directly if an exposure exceeds the 8-hr TWA. Arrays of sensors, analysis equipment, and alarm systems are managed by computers to provide continuous monitoring for releases. They warn people by triggering evacuation or corrective procedures for equipment. Many of the instmments require regularly scheduled calibration to assure accurate results. There are a wide range of collection procedures and devices. This discussion is a limited review of collection and analysis equipment. 

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Maki et al. [90] 2004 / SENSN Wireless monitoring of sensors on persons that need continuous monitoring when an emergency occius, the specialized persoimel hears a sound alarm or receives a notification through mobile phone. 

The same conclusions can be drawn regarding electrochemical sensors (Korotcenkov et al. 2011, etc). Electrochemical sensors are suitable only for low-concentration, parts-per-million ranges. In addition, their life expectancy is only 2-5 years. Moreover, depending on the application, life expectancy may be much shorter. However, the electrochemical gas sensors have very low power consumption, respond quickly to gas, and are not affected by humidity. These sensors can also be exposed to gas periodically, which maximizes sensor life. Therefore, one can conclude that electrochemical sensors are a good choice for portable instruments and alarm/dosimeter systems, including Ughtweight, personal monitor/alarm devices, rather than for continuous monitors. 

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