Peroxy disulfates

Another useful reagent for selenenylcyclization is phenylselenenyl triflate. This reagent is capable of cyclizing unsaturated acids101 and alcohols.102 Phenylselenenyl sulfate can be prepared in situ by oxidation of diphenyl diselenide with ammonium peroxy-disulfate.103... 

Hydrogen peroxides, <-butyl hydroperoxide, and ammonium peroxy-disulfate have been used for the oxyalkylation of protonated heteroaromatic bases by the ethers dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolan,... 

Two different mechanisms are assumed. With <-butyl hydroperoxide an actual hydrogen abstraction occurs [Eq. (50)], while with peroxy-disulfate the primary process is an electron transfer [Eq. (51)] deprotonation [Eq. (52)] follows. 

To the best of our knowledge, there is no review about the applications of peroxy-disulfates (S20g ) and its organic salts. The peroxydisulfate ion is one of the strongest... 

Interestingly, persulfate reacts differently with aliphatic and aromatic amines. Aliphatic primary amines are dehydrogenated to imines and further converted to aldehydes when reacted with peroxy disulfate , whereas aromatic primary amines are oxidized to nitroso compounds using potassium persulfate in the presence of H2SO4 (equation 14) °. 

Primary and secondary alcohols are quantitatively oxidized by peroxydisulfate to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. Thus benzyl alcohols give aldehydes, and in the presence of Ni(II) and ammonia they gives nitriles secondary alcohols give the corresponding ketones . Interestingly, isopropylbenzene reacts with acetates in the presence of peroxy disulfate/Fe(II) to give lactones (equation 18). ... 

Alkyl radicals for such reactions are available from many sources such as acyl peroxides, alkyl hydroperoxides, particularly by the oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acids using peroxy-disulfate catalyzed by silver. Pyridine and various substituted pyridines have been alkylated in the 2-position in high yield by these methods. Quinoline similarly reacts in the 2-, isoquinoline in the 1-, and acridine in the 9-position. Pyrazine and quinoxaline also give high yields of 2-substituted alkyl derivatives <74AHC(16)123). 

The surface of polymeric materials such as polypropylene (PP), PS, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and nylon was oxidized by immersing them in aqueous solution of oxidizing agents such as potassium peroxy disulfate under nitrogen purging at high temperatures [14]. Graft polymerization of water-soluble monomers such as AAm, methacrylic acid, and 3-aminopropyl methacrylate has been frequently performed in aqueous solution with the use of ceric ion, for instance, at... 

Essentially, TFE in gaseous state is polymerized via a free radical addition mechanism in aqueous medium with water-soluble free radical initiators, such as peroxy-disulfates, organic peroxides, or reduction-activation systems.15 The additives have to be selected very carefully since they may interfere with the polymerization. They may either inhibit the process or cause chain transfer that leads to inferior products. When producing aqueous dispersions, highly halogenated emulsifiers, such as fully fluorinated acids,16 are used. If the process requires normal emulsifiers, these have to be injected only after the polymerization has started.17 TFE polymerizes readily at moderate temperatures (40 to 80°C) (104 to 176°F) and moderate pressures (0.7 to 2.8 MPa) (102 to 406 psi). The reaction is extremely exothermic (the heat of polymerization is 41 kcal/mol). 

Toluene has been oxidized by the silver ion catalysed reaction with peroxy-disulfate. The reaction produces a mixture of bibenzyl, benzaldehyde and benzoic acids.299 Russian workers have described the conversion of 4-methoxy-toluene to the benzaldehyde by oxidation with peroxydisulfate in the presence of silver or copper ions and oxalic acid.300 The presence of copper salts in iron or copper catalysed peroxydisulfate oxidation is believed to suppress side-reactions.301 Phillips have patented a palladium(II)/tin(IV)/persulfate system for the oxidation of toluene derivatives.302 The reactions are carried out in carboxylic acid solvents (Figure 3.78). 

SYNS ANTHION PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID DIPOTASSIUM SALT POTASSIUM PEROXY-DISULFATE POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE POTASSIUM PERSULFATE pOT)... 

The silver-catalyzed decarboxylation of a-oxo acids (carboxylic acids " ) by peroxy-disulfate leads to acyl " (alkyl radicals, which can effect selective homolytic acylation (alkylation of quinoxaline. This procedure is effective in monoacylation when multiple positions of high nucleophilic reactivity are available in the heterocyclic ring. " ... 

Copper sulfate, CuS04 5H20, is used for the oxidative coupling of terminal acetylenes [5S] for the conversion of a-hydroxy ketones (acyloins) into a-diketones [351, 352] and, in cooperation with potassium peroxy-disulfate, for the selective oxidation of methyl groups on benzene rings to aldehyde groups [355],... 

The regiospecific oxidation of dimethylanisoles to methoxymethyl-benzaldehydes is accomplished with copper sulfate and potassium peroxy-disulfate, which oxidize selectively only the methyls in the ortho or para positions with respect to the methoxy group (equation 171) [35J]. 

DIPOTASSIUM PEROXODISULFATE or DIPOTASSIUM PEROXY-DISULFATE or DIPOTASSIUM PERSULFATE (7727-21-1) KjOjSj A powerful oxidizer. Noncombustible, but enhance the combustibihty or oxidation rate of many materials chemical reactions can cause fire and explosions. Elevated temperatures [>212°F/>100°C or... 

For many years, sulfuric acid—dichromate mixtures wo-e used to clean glassware (a sulfuric acid—peroxy-disulfate solution is now recommended because disposal of chromate is a problem). Confusion about cleaning baths... 

Toshima et al. [63] have reported the formation of polyaniline film by decarboxylation of poly(anthranilic acid). The polyanthranilic acid was prepared by using ammonium peroxy disulfate as an oxidizer as described by Chan et al. [64]. The typical reaction can be written as... 

PANI and its derivatives can be synthesized by the electrochemical polymerization or chemical polymerization of aniline although some other approaches have also been reported such as solid-state polymerization [313], electroless polymerization [314], plasma polymerization [315], and emulsion polymerization [307], Various oxidants were used for oxidation of aniline monomer, such as ammonium peroxy-disulfate, sodium peroxydisulfate, potassium bichromate, and hydrogen peroxide. 

Moeckel, R Staerk, G. Oxidation with peroxy-disulfate preparation of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Z. Chem. 1967, 7, 107. 

A homologous series of a,co-perfluorodicarboxylic acids (n= 1-16) were recently synthesized by a controlled free radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene using aqueous potassium peroxy-disulfate with either an iron or copper promoter. The dominant products were the even-numbered members, as demonstrated by the proposed mechanism in Scheme 26. It was shown that the odd-numbered carbon chains result from oxidative decarboxylation. 

Redox reactions involving peroxides are another ejBhcient way to prepare telechelics. Hydroxyl-terminated polydienes [37] and carboxylic acid-terminated polytetrafluoroethylenes [38] were synthesized by using H2O2 and potassium peroxy disulfate, respectively, via redox reactions. 

Rajanna, K.C., Reddy, K.N., Kumar, U.U., Saiprakash, P.K.A. A kinetic study of electron transfer fix>m L-ascorbic acid to sodium perborate and potassium peroxy disulfate in aqueous acid and micellar media. Int. J. Chem Kinet. 1996,28(3), 153-164. 

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