Period of idling

Depending on the particular operation, offgases from the incinerator may range from 1100° to 2100°F. Typically, the gases are sent to a conditioning chamber to lower the temperature to 500° to 600°F before they enter a scrubber. While the incinerator is in operation, the gases may remain above the acid dewpoint and corrosion problems will be minimal. But because most incinerators are cyclic operations with frequent periods of idleness, gas condensation in the inlet and outlet scrubber ductwork during shutdowns can cause serious deterioration. 

Especially in fuel cell vehicles, the load demand to the drive train is characterized by a very dynamic pattern. When viewed over the entire lifetime of the vehicle, it is most of the time shut off, in case of a passenger vehicle typically 95% of the time. During operation, the load demand to the drive train contains significant periods of idling, load cycles, and start-up/shut off periods. It has become apparent that especially those events leading to relatively high voltages, that is, low power demands, lead to durability problems. 

Boilers Laid Up Wet In order to protect the boiler during short periods of idleness, it shonld be laid np wet and in the following manner ... 

The test for evaluating individual vehicle emissions, the ETP (4), specifies that a test vehicle be stored in an area where the ambient temperature is between 20 and 29°C for at least 12 hours immediately prior to the emission test. Then, the vehicle is placed on a chassis dynamometer which is calibrated for the vehicle weight and road load. The vehicle is started and driven for 41 min on a prescribed cycle of accelerations, cmises, decelerations, idles, a 10-min shutdown (called the hot soak), and a period of remn. 

The direct-labor-cost variance can, if necessary, be broken down into a direc t-labor-idle-time variance in addition to the direct-wage-rate and direct-labor-efficiency variances. The direc t-labor-idle-time variance is simply the number of idle labor-hours in the period multiplied by the standard wage rate. This is rarely relevant to the conditions existing in process plants except when maintenance is involved. 

Discontinuous operation (idle periods) of instruments such as flow meters, pH meters, analyzers, etc., could lead to failure as a result of plugging, drying out, etc. 

Detergent wash. This method is used to remove oil and oil-like deposits. A mixture of solvent detergent and water is sprayed into the inlet while the gas turbine is being rotated by the starter. The unit is allowed to remain idle for a period of time to allow the solution to dissolve and loosen the deposits. The proeedure is then repeated exeept that distilled water is used to flush the deposits off the eompressor and out the eombustor drains. ... 

Space heaters, particularly in electrical motors and generators which may be idle for significant periods of time, can also help prevent the accumulation of moisture. Space heaters installed in classified areas must operate at temperatures below high temperature devices. 

Integrate nutrient removal in SBR is successfully achieved similarly as in continuous flow systems. It requires multiple fill and react phases during one cycle, with successive periods of aeration and anaerobic or anoxic mixing. It is claimed (Artan et al. 2001), that no biological conversion is assumed to occur during settle, draw and idle phases. The processes take... 

Photocopiers feature some differences compared with desktop laser printers. They are typically constructed for a higher throughput, permanent standby, and immediate print start. Like laser printers the temperature in the device drops when it is in idle-mode and rises fast when a print job arrives. Therefore, the total emission of such a device fluctuates over a period of time as well. 

Particles move upwards in a series of discrete fast movements ("jumps"), punctuated by periods of relative inactivity ("idle time" or "quiescent time"). It is during these idle times that the particles are able to sinter in polymer reactors, and control of the length of these periods is necessary to prevent defluidisation by sintering (Seville et al., 1998). 

No allowances were made in Table I for energy consumed during idling or other nonproductive periods. Excessive idling or underutilization of ginning capacity will produce appreciably higher energy consumption values (2, 3) than those obtained under optimum conditions. 

Energy requirements were based on a fully utilized model gin that processes machine-picked cotton at rates of 12 to 14 bales/ hr and do not include energy consumed during idling or other periods of downtime. 

One of the factors that has an important effect on the costs is the fraction of the total available time during which the process is in operation. When equipment stands idle for an extended period of time, the labor costs are usually low however, other costs, such as those for maintenance, protection, and depreciation, continue even though the equipment is not in active use. 

Quantum chemistry is hence a r idly developing field which faUs between the historically established areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. As a result tiiere is a wide diversity of backgrounds among those interested in quantum chemistry. Since the results of the research are reported in periodicals of many different types, it has become increasingly difficult for both the expert and tire nonexpert to follow the rapid development in this new borderline area. 

During periods of economic downturn, many plants find it necessary to limit production. For steam generation equipment, this translates into idle periods and intermittent operation. For instance, shutting down steam production at night, when it may not be needed, can save considerable sums of money. Under such a condition, several problems must be faced. 

The spaces above the water level in the boiler and in the deaerator may experience flash rusting, but this should not be too serious over very short periods of time. If the boiler is to remain idle for more than a day or two, it should be... 

Boilers that are idle for long periods are normally washed down and dried, but this is not practical when the unit is taken out of service frequently for short periods of time. Other methods must be evaluated for these conditions. 

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