Explosives perchlorates

Rb and Cs, which were obtained as dihydrates by similar procedures (Ref 12). Workers at Callery Chem Co also prepd a complex in which M - N02+, mw 506.78, OB to A1203 HC1 +58.4%. It is prepd by a similar procedure as that used for the ammonium salt using nitronium perchlorate, and has similar props (Ref 10) Uses, (see under Perchlorate Explosives and Propellants)... 

Uses. (See also under Perchlorate Explosives) Combustible Cartridge Cases. Cotton cloth is impregnated with a siurry of AP and a monomer in methyl ethyl ketone, the solv evapd, and the monomer cured on a meld to give a combustible cartridge case (Ref 35)... 

Inorganic Perchlorate Explosives. Expls contg one of the inorganic perchlorates (primarily K or Amm perchlorate) or perchloric acid as one of the principal ingredients... 

Non-volatile buffers such as phosphates, borates, perchlorates and phosphoric acid should be avoided at all costs because of high background ion current, source contamination and blockages, and in the case of perchlorates, explosions. Figure 6.4 shows the mass spectrum of typical background when using phosphoric acid in the eluent. If the solvent system for a particular analysis does not assist the electrospray process, it is possible to enhance ionisation by postcolumn addition of a suitable volatile buffer. 

Herculite. A perchlorate explosive which was at one time on the British Permitted List . KC104 27/NG 33/collodion cotton l/woodmeal 9/NH4 oxalate 29/H20 1 limit charge 16 oz Ref Barnett (1919), 137... 

Phlegmatizing compounds in chlorate, and perchlorate explosive mixtures play a special role since they are essential as a combustible constituent. They are discussed in more detail on pp. 274-280. 

Another constituent of perchlorate explosives, ammonium perchlorate, unlike ammonium chlorate, is stable. It is also dissimilar to potassium perchlorate in being an explosive in the pure state, like ammonium nitrate. The greater specific gravity of ammonium perchlorate gives to explosives with which it is mixed a greater power than that of similar ammonium nitrate explosives. The former are also more sensitive than chlorate explosives to friction and impact and to thermal ignition. 

Perchlorate explosives, like chlorate explosives, can be compressed to a high density, but the detonation at a high density is difficult. This is illustrated by a graph published by the French Commission on Explosives (Commission des Substances Explosives) (Fig. 75) [80] which shows how the rate of detonation and the amount of mercury fulminate required for detonation varies with density. 

Perchlorate explosives for mining, and technical methods of manufacturing chlorate explosives, will be discussed later (pp. 520-521). Mixtures of potassium perchlorate or ammonium perchlorate with plastics or elastomers have recently come into extensive use for jet propulsion (e.g. methyl polymethacrylate, ester resins, and thiokol-rubber). 

It was also found that mixtures containing a large amount of ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate explosives) ensure much greater safety than dynamites or chlorate and perchlorate explosives. 

Composition of some Belgian safety perchlorate explosives... 

For coal work, especially in gassy and dusty mines a safety perchlorate explosive with the composition tabulated below (Table 98) was manufactured in Germany. 

These mixtures, however, brought no new advantages and did not fully meet requirements with regard to safety in gassy and dusty mines, sensitiveness to impact and friction and mining efficiency. In addition, perchlorate explosives, like chlorate ones, have the defect that under certain conditions they do not detonate, but burn out in the shothole, which may lead to a catastrophic fire or explosion. Perchlorate explosives were then withdrawn from coal work after World War I and restricted exclusively to rock work. Japan seems to be the only country where some perchlorate explosives are accepted as permitted explosives (see p. 474). 

It has long been known that inflammable explosives, such as dynamites, and especially chlorate and perchlorate explosives are particularly prone to deflagration. This is one of the reasons why chlorate and perchlorate explosives have either been withdrawn from use in mines in a majority of countries or restricted to use in rock, where there are no inflammable gases. 

For blasting and quarrying rock blasting blackpowder or ammonal type explosives are used. A typical feature of Japanese explosives is the admission of a few ammonium perchlorate explosives, named Carlits (inventor Carlson). E.g. Midori... 

The manufacture of perchlorate explosives is similar, but due to the lower sensitiveness to impact of perchlorate explosives, some operations as e.g. mixing, may be conducted in Drais kneaders (Figs. 173-175) or even in kneaders of Werner-Pfleiderer type (Figs. 206-208). 

Ref G. Svadeba, NAVORD Repc 2832, De-sensitization of Ammonium Perchlorate Explosives , Naval Ord Lab, White Oak, Md... 

Composition of Some Belgian Safety Perchlorate Explosives... 

Cheddites, Explosifs Street, Explosifs O or Explosifs du type OC in Fr Cheddite in Ger Chedditi in Ital Chedditas in Span Sheddity in Rus). Cheddites are special types of chlorate(or perchlorate) explosives. 

Non-picrate whistles, made from a mixture of 1 part powdered gallic acid and 3 parts potassium chlorate, are considered to be safer than those which contain picrate. The mixture is charged into a %-inch case, 5/16 inch in internal diameter. The case is loaded on a 1-inch spindle, and the finished whistle has a 1-inch length of empty tube which is necessary for the production of he sound. Whistles of this sort, with charges of a chlorate or perchlorate explosive at their ends, are used in chasers, whizzers, etc., which scoot along the ground while whistling and finally explode with a loud report. 

The French used two ammonium perchlorate explosives during the first World War. ... 

Safe-Handling Perchlorate Explosives Calcium Nitrate Explosive Composition... 

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