Perchlorates, inorganic

PERACETIC ACID see PEROXYACETIC ACID PERCHLORATES, INORGANIC, n.o.s. 

Figure 4.17 The structure of [Pr(16)6] [33]. (Reproduced with permission from A. Clearfield, R. Gopal and R.W. Olsen, Crystal structure of hexakis(l,8-naphthyridine)praseodymium(III) perchlorate, Inorganic Chemistry, 16, 911, 1977. 1977 American Chemical Society.)...

Wangjla, W.G., and Jordan, B.R., 2006. Reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hexacobalt(III) perchlorate. Inorganic Chimica Acta. 359 3177-3182. 

PERCHLORATES, inorganic, aqueous solution, n.o.s. temperature controlled... 

Oxidizers. The characteristics of the oxidizer affect the baUistic and mechanical properties of a composite propellant as well as the processibihty. Oxidizers are selected to provide the best combination of available oxygen, high density, low heat of formation, and maximum gas volume in reaction with binders. Increases in oxidizer content increase the density, the adiabatic flame temperature, and the specific impulse of a propellant up to a maximum. The most commonly used inorganic oxidizer in both composite and nitroceUulose-based rocket propellant is ammonium perchlorate. The primary combustion products of an ammonium perchlorate propellant and a polymeric binder containing C, H, and O are CO2, H2, O2, and HCl. Ammonium nitrate has been used in slow burning propellants, and where a smokeless exhaust is requited. Nitramines such as RDX and HMX have also been used where maximum energy is essential. 

Characteristics of common inorganic oxidizers are Hsted in Table 5. In any homologous series, potassium perchlorate-containing propellants bum fastest ammonium nitrate propellants bum slowest (79,80). 

Nitric acid can be used for the dissolution of nickel from many inorganic substances. In some cases perchloric acid is used in combination with nitric acid. Simple organic forms of nickel also can be dissolved in nitric acid. In the case of compHcated stmctural organic forms of nickel, oxidation calorimetry must be used to decompose the substances. 

The materials of construction, from the cupboard to the fan, should be inorganic and resistant to attack by perchloric acid. For the cupboard itself suitable materials include stainless steel of types, 316 or 317, solid epoxy resin, and rigid PVC. Stainless steel has been popular for this application as it is easy to form, weld, and polish. It is, however, attacked by the acid, which causes discoloration of the metal surface and the formation of iron(III) perchlorate, which can be explosive. Ductwork, separate from other extract systems, is usually made from stainless steel or plastic materials. Fire regulations may preclude the use of plastic ductwork or require it to be sheathed in an outer casing of metal or GRP. The fan casing and impeller can both be made of plastic. 

In preparing the membrane, a clear sol was obtained by the addition of acid into the aluminum sec-butoxide sol to peptise the sol and obtain a stable colloid solution. Aluminum monohydroxides formed by the hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides, which are peptisable to a clear sol. Peptisation was performed by the addition of acid and heat treatment for a sufficient time. It was found that stable sols cannot be obtained when the concentration of the peptisation acid is too low. The critical range for inorganic acids such as nitric, hydrochloric and perchloric acids is 0.03-0.1 mole/mole of hydroxide. In this study, nitric acid was used as the peptising agent. The resulting sols are poured into Petri dishes and dried in an oven at a controlled drying rate to obtain a gel layer. The molar ratio of zirconia salt... 

An important class of expl materials contains metallic fuels and inorganic oxidants. Examples are Tritonal (TNT/A1, 80/20), Amatols (TNT/AN, 28/80 80/20), and Minol-2 (TNT/AN/A1, 40/40/20). Oxidants other than nitrates, such as chlorates and perchlorates, may be employed. Water solns containing these cations are highly corrosive to metals. Alkaline metal salts, for example, in the presence of moisture, will pit A1 quickly (Ref 6)... 

Inorganic Perchlorate Explosives. Expls contg one of the inorganic perchlorates (primarily K or Amm perchlorate) or perchloric acid as one of the principal ingredients... 

Following is a listing of past and present inorganic perchlorate expls which are detailed thruout the Encycl ... 

It should be noted that the incorporation of substances such as TNT increased the sensitivity to initiation, and the addition of AN increased the quantity of expln gases, while at the same time diminishing the sensitivity of the perchlorate expl to open flame Refs See below under Inorganic Perchlorate Military Explosives... 

C102 and -OC103 in inorganic and organic chlorates and perchlorates re-pectively... 

Hypergolic reaction systems have been proposed (Refs 46 73) for 5.56mm ammo, specifically triethylaluminum (TEA) together with inorganic oxidizers. This system is self-igniting in air, but is compatible with some nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates... 

Barium perchlorate colorimetric titration. This colorimetric titration procedure is used in the determination of inorganic sulfate impurities in complex systems of water-soluble sulfonates and sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are precipi-... 

The analysis of phosphates and phosphonates is a considerably complex task due to the great variety of possible molecular structures. Phosphorus-containing anionics are nearly always available as mixtures dependent on the kind of synthesis carried out. For analytical separation the total amount of phosphorus in the molecule has to be ascertained. Thus, the organic and inorganic phosphorus is transformed to orthophosphoric acid by oxidation. The fusion of the substance is performed by the addition of 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to — 100 mg of the substance. The black residue is then oxidized by a mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid. The resulting orthophosphate can be determined at 8000 K by atom emission spectroscopy. The thermally excited phosphorus atoms emit a characteristic line at a wavelength of 178.23 nm. The extensity of the radiation is used for quantitative determination of the phosphorus content. 

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