Pentobarbital Ethanol

Pentobarbital withdrawal may involve a distal region of the chromosome 1 in the mouse (Buck et al. 1999), a site that may be identical to that associated with alcohol withdrawal. This finding suggests that common genes may be involved in both ethanol and pentobarbital dependence. 

Crowley, T.J. Stynes, A.J. Hydinger, M. and Kaufman, I.C. Ethanol, methamphetamine. pentobarbital, morphine, and monkey soeial behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31 829-838, 1974. 

Homanics, G. E., Ferguson, C., Quinlan, J. J., et al. (1997) Gene knockout of the alpha6 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor lack of effect on responses to ethanol, pentobarbital, and general anesthetics. Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 588-596. 

Pentobarbitone. (Called Nembutal or Pentobarbital.) 26.7 g of clean metallic sodium are dissolved in 400 g of anhydrous (dry) ethanol. To this, a solution of 100 g of 1-methyl butyl-... 

Two mechanisms help protect the fetus from drugs in the maternal circulation (1) The placenta itself plays a role both as a semipermeable barrier and as a site of metabolism of some drugs passing through it. Several different types of aromatic oxidation reactions (eg, hydroxylation, /V-dealkylation, demethylation) have been shown to occur in placental tissue. Pentobarbital is oxidized in this way. Conversely, it is possible that the metabolic capacity of the placenta may lead to creation of toxic metabolites, and the placenta may therefore augment toxicity (eg, ethanol, benzpyrenes). (2) Drugs that have crossed the placenta enter the fetal circulation via the umbilical vein. 

High doses of ethanol and pentobarbital significantly decreased the number of hits on the circular lights task (Figure 7.4). The other experimental drugs caused no significant change in this measure of performance. 

In the laboratory experiment described above, pentobarbital (450 mg) caused a small but significant decrease in pupil size and a reduction in the constriction velocity of the light reflex. The maximal effect was measured 300 min after oral drug administration. Nystagmus (rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs) and ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) are the eye signs that are most often attributed to ingestion of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, ethanol, and other CNS depressants.26 30 31... 

Benowitz NL, Jones RT. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocan-nabinol on drug distribution and metabolism. Antipyrine, pentobarbital, and ethanol. Clin Pharmacol Ther... 

Weiss, B., Laties, V.G. (1964). Effects of amphetamine, chlor-promazine, pentobarbital, and ethanol on operant response duration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 144 17-23. 

Nembutal Pentobarbital Abbott Propylene glycol 40% Ethanol 10% IM, IV... 

Pentobarbital Sodium (Nembutal sodium) rV/IM after dilution 10% Ethanol 40% Propylene glycol... 

Mintzer, M. Z., Guarino, J., Kirk, T, Roache, J. D., 8c Griffiths, R. R (1997). Ethanol and pentobarbital Comparison of behavioral and subjective effects in sedative drug abusers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacolo y, 5, 203-215. 

For a hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum, produced by successive extraction of dried aerial parts with petroleum ether, 1,2-dichlorethane and ethanol (50 % v/v), a sedative effect in mice has been reported [123]. The authors observed a bell-shaped dose-response effect on spontaneous motility with maximal activity at an oral dose of 26.5 mg/kg p.o, while pentobarbital-induced sleeping time was most significantly prolonged at the lowest dose applied (13.25 mg/kg p.o.). No effect on neuromuscular transmission was observed in three different test models (chimney test, traction test and rota-rod test). After separation of the crude extract in fractions containing mainly flavones, naphthodianthrones or amino acids, it was not possible to clearly attribute the effect of the native extract to a particular group of constituents. Thus, the authors conclude that activity of the hydroalcoholic extract may results form the cumulative effects of different compound, but they do not offer any explanation for the lower activity of the extract at higher doses. 

In male Albino mice, intraperitoneal pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of sedanenolide (56) significantly prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep time. On the other hand, when 56 was administered immediately after recovery from pentobarbital-induced sleep, the animals fell asleep again. However, 56 did not affect ethanol-induced sedation in mice [287],... 

Noninterfering acetaminophen, acetylmorphine, amiodarone, amobarbital, amphetamine, bendroflumethiazide, benzocaine, benzoylecgonine, benzthiazide, butalbital, carbamaze-pine, chlorothiazide, clonazepam, cocaine, codeine, cotinine, cyclosporine, cyclothiazide, desalkylflurazepam, diamorphine, dicumerol, ephedrine, ethaciynic acid, ethanol, eth-chlorvynol, ethosuximide, furosemide, glutethimide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydroflumethiazide, hydromorphone, lorazepam, mephentermine, meprobamate, meth-amphetamine, metharbital, methoxsalen, methoxyphenteramine, methsuximide, meth-ylcyclothiazide, metoprolol, MHPG, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, normethsuximide, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, phenteramine, phenylephrine, phenytoin, polythiazide, primidone, prochlorperazine, salicylic acid, sulfanilamide, THC-COOH, theophylline, thiazolam, thiopental, thioridazine, tocainide, trichlo-romethiazide, trifluoperazine, valproic acid, warfarin... 

Sedative-hypnotics Secobarbital, benzodiazepines, ethanol Pentobarbital, alprazolam, diazepam Methaqualone, meprobamate... 

In the first step the diethyl ester of malonic acid is treated with ethyl bromide in the presence of sodium ethoxide when one of the active hydrogen atoms in the former gets eliminated with bromine atom in the later as a molecule of hydrobromic acid resulting into the formation of the corresponding diethyl ester of ethyl malonic acid. This on subsequent addition of 2-monobromopentane and in the presence of sodium ethoxide gives rise to diethyl ether of ethyl-(l-methyl butyl) malonate with the elimination of one molecule of hydrobromic acid. Urea is made to condense with the product obtained from the previous step when pentobarbital is formed with the elimination of two moles of ethanol. Finally, the pentobarbital is treated with a calculated amoimt of sodium hydroxide when the required official compoimd is formed. 

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