Oral administration, drug

Which of the following is unlikely to be associated with oral drug administration of an enteric-coated dosage form ... 

Propranolol is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but it is avidly extracted by the liver as the drug passes to the systemic circulation (first-pass effect). This effect explains the large variation in plasma levels of propranolol seen after oral drug administration. 

In the laboratory experiment described above, pentobarbital (450 mg) caused a small but significant decrease in pupil size and a reduction in the constriction velocity of the light reflex. The maximal effect was measured 300 min after oral drug administration. Nystagmus (rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs) and ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) are the eye signs that are most often attributed to ingestion of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, ethanol, and other CNS depressants.26 30 31... 

Prevention of the variation in absorption and metabolism, as well as the potential irritation associated with oral drug administration. 

All routes of drug administration can affect ocular structures and functions. OADRs have been associated with topical ophthalmic administrations as well as local injections. Systemically, oral drug administration has been implicated most frequently in the development of OADRs. However, parenteral as well as inhaled or nasally applied drugs have also produced OADRs. Topical application to the skin, particularly if it is abraded or burned, may result in sufficient systemic absorption to lead to ocular side effects. Dermatologic use of antibiotics has resulted in ocular hypersensitivity reactions. 

Another approach is to convolute a function representing in vitro dissolution with the disposition function in order to predict the plasma-level-vs.-time curve following oral drug administration. Obviously correlations will be poor if there is substantial first-pass metabolism of the drug or if in vivo conditions such as rapid intestinal transit that results in inadequate reserve lengthy are not reflected in the dissolution test system. 

It should be emphasized that the formulation plays an important role in the effect of these glycerides (emulsification, enteric coating, etc.) The main advantage of these products is their general acceptance for use in oral drug administration. " ... 

In mild-to-moderate infections, oral drug administration may be used for maintenance therapy with aminobenzyl penicillins (ampicillin or amoxycillin in dogs and cats pivampicillin in foals), cefadroxil, trimethoprim-sulphona-mide combinations, and enrofloxacin (in calves and piglets). Fluconazole suppresses oral and oesophageal candidiasis in immunosuppressed foals and may be effective in the treatment of systemic candidiasis. 

The control of physiological processes to achieve reliable plasma concentration-time profiles following oral drug administration is a key goal in therapy. At the investigational level, it would allow the scientist to use manageable numbers of volunteers in... 

Avoidance of the gastrointestinal tract with problems of oral drug administration. 

Drug administration into the middle ear, nose, or eye of a child requires special attention. Certain drugs (e.g., sodium valproate and morphine) can be administered rectally to infants who have limited access for intravenous drug administration or if oral drug administration cannot be accomplished. 

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